Jane Austens Sense And Sensibility Essays -- Austen Sense Sensibility

Strategic Management of Woolworth Shop in Australia Free-Sample

Question: Pick a Company and Critically Analyze its Current Marketing Strategies and Market Performance. Consider the Companys Positon against its Main Competitor and Discuss the Successes and Failures of this Selected Company and its Marketing approach in Competing in this Marketplace. Answer: Presentation Woolworth, which is casually distinguished as Woolies, is considered as one of the best retail shops of Australia. The notoriety of the association is getting steady because of the administrations and astounding items gave by the association. The association is working from past numerous years and furthermore has its different outlets in the closest zones of Australia. The main store of Woolworth was set down in Sydney. The accomplishment of the association is surprising and from that point forward, their different stores opened in the close by regions. In seven days around, about 28 million clients are visiting to the retail locations. These stores are fruitful in conveying the most encouraging items to the clients. Aside from this, the association additionally has a few variables identified with the enhancements. There are different contenders of the association, who are giving then an extremely intense rivalry. The report appeared beneath for the most part covers the situational i nvestigation and g blend identified with the association. In the proper report, the themes that are secured are demonstrated as follows: The situational examination is the area where the present circumstance of the association can be recognized. The present market technique and the presentation identified with the association can be related to the assistance of this area. The near investigation of showcasing blend rather than different associations are additionally related to the assistance of the report characterized beneath. The conversation identified with the achievement and disappointment characterizes the significant perspectives in setting to the association. The report closes with an appropriate end alongside the proposals. Situational Analysis The situational examination is considered as one of the central point which causes the directors to distinguish the interior and outside variables with regards to the association. The situational examination likewise helps in characterizing different development factors for an association. For dealing with the development in an unequivocal way, some particular motivation identified with the promoting are basic to be examined. To characterize the situational examination, the focuses which are secured are demonstrated as follows (Wood, 2010). The present market techniques and market execution of the association are recognized as the significant focuses which should be talked about regarding the present market situation. Current market Staretgies of Organization By playing out an appropriate investigation of the association, it is viewed as that Woolworth is having a smooth promoting methodology which can be changed by the present situation. The association doesnt center around a solitary procedure. There are different advertising outlines, which can be balanced by the present interest identified with the market. The advertising system of the association is separated into unmistakable kinds, which are distinguished as the long haul and transient promoting procedure. The momentary advertising methodology basically centers around the items and administrations that are being given to the clients. The momentary procedure will likewise give different parts of giving nutritious and more delectable items to the clients. There are different outlets which are opened on a universal level (Ferrell, et al., 2014). Aside from this, the drawn out goals are identified with dealing with the business open door for Australian. The advancement to sell natural food and contributing with 31% of piece of the overall industry is recognized as one of the fundamental perspectives which can help with giving appropriate market procedure to the association. As of now, ongoing showcasing procedures identified with the association are characterized underneath: - The interior administration or powers identified with the association are extremely solid and reasonable. The association at present gives office of the prize framework to its clients. As per this framework, the focuses framework is presented in the association. This may help in presenting the idea of limits as well. The clients can without much of a stretch pull in towards the offers gave by the association. This factor likewise goes about as an improvement entertainer for the association as well (Uddin, 2012). The subsequent plan is identified with the outside administration. Through outside sources, the administration is appropriate in giving distinct rules to the clients. The development of the establishments in various zones of the nation is a live model. Because of this development of the association, the benefit proportion will get increment with a fast rate. Woolworth is distinguished as one of the associations which is celebrated for selling the items with ease. The minimal items and items with ostensible rates are sold with a quick speed. This will help in giving better offices to the clients. Different limited time factors and advances approach towards selling the items are likewise distinguished as one of the extra perspective in setting to the association. Market Performance of Organization The investigation uncovers that the present market execution of the association is exceptional. The items like pressed and canned items, dairy and milk items and items identified with day by day needs are enjoyed by the clients on a positive level. Because of the distinctive kind of approaches and limited time system, the association is fruitful in conveying the best administrations to the clients. Woolworth has the division approach. Because of the assistance of this methodology, the various alternatives are given to the clients, with the goal that they can choose the best perspective for them all the time. Aside from this, being a fruitful cooperative person, the association additionally gives different limits to the clients, which may help in giving them help (Emerson-Drake, 2012). Showcasing blend procedure Showcasing blend procedure is distinguished as one of the significant methodology which may help in characterizing the customers necessity and focused on approach from a wide perspective. The showcasing blend is fundamentally framed from mix of 4ps. These Ps are considered as the individuals, spot, cost and advancement. There are different contenders of the Woolworth, who are giving exceptionally extreme rivalry to the association in various modes (Business Review Australia, 2014). However, here Coles is chosen for the conversation. The devices identified with the showcasing blend are useful in giving appropriate help to creating the better way to deal with the market (Keith, 2012). The plain structure for the showcasing blend in with the serious association is characterized beneath: - Advertising PS Woolworth Coles Item The association has ordered the items into two sections which are distinguished as the purchaser item and the business items (Haymarket Media Group, 2011). The fundamental item selling technique of the association is structured by the need of the shoppers. For dealing with the items, various models are characterized. The name of items are center, genuine and expanded (Langley, 2015). The classification of the item is entirely unexpected in contrast with the Woolworth. The association likewise offers alcohol, hamburger and child items available to be purchased. Cost As different associations are fluctuating the evaluating arrangement, Woolworth has a steady valuing approach. As indicated by closest regions, the valuing approach is expanding ceaselessly (Ferrell, et al., 2014). The association adjusts various strategies identified with the improvement of the association. These systems are infiltration, skimming, rivalry, product offering and numerous others. The Coles is distinguished as the cost head. Different limits are being offered to the clients, yet just toward the end of the week premise (Sunday Bayode, 2011). Advancement For advertising, the firm uses most extreme instruments for the advancement. This will help in giving reasonable help to the association. A portion of the particular instruments for advancement are distinguished as the immediate showcasing, selling items, web-based social networking and promoting. The limited time technique of the association is exceptionally basic. To mange the characterizing viewpoint, the exposure is finished with the assistance of promotions, flyers and online procedure. Spot Woolworths puts its stores in the zone where the reachability of the everyday citizens is distinguished. Being the market chain, Woolworths is growing its little stores as well, with the goal that the items identified with the day by day needs can be overseen by the purchasers. In numbers, there are at any rate 2300 stores that are circulated on a wide range across Australia, yet Coles needs giving little outlets or stores to the reachability (Dunford Palmer, 2012). Achievement and Failure of association Despite the fact that the association is considered as the top most market players and have its own personality in distinct circle, however the association is as yet confronting a type of disappointment and achievement in a suitable structure. There are different viewpoints because of which achievement and disappointment is being seen in the association. A portion of the particular kinds of progress and disappointment of the association are referenced in the market. These victories and disappointments are characterized underneath in the print design. With respect to progress, the association can ready to improve and with respect to disappointment, the enhancements are as yet required. This will likewise help in encircling the genuine structure of the association. Achievement of the association The association follows a positive example of technique for the market and strength in a serious situation is additionally considered in the unequivocal mode. It might likewise help in characterizing the achievement of the association in an organized structure. The specialized parts of the association are extremely solid. The Woolworth is considered as the principal association which I

How to Use Tumblr for Your Business

How to Use Tumblr for Your Business If you are looking for a free blogging solution for your personal or professional marketing needs â€" one that is easy to use, au courant, and heavily trafficked by younger Internet users, consider Tumblr. Simpler to use than blogging platforms like WordPress, and more versatile a social media tool than social networking sites like Facebook or Twitter, Tumblr (pronounced Tumbler) could very well be what you need. © Shutterstock.com | I AM NIKOMIn this article we will cover 1) the purpose of Tumblr, 2) benefits of using Tumblr, 3) how to set up a Tumblr account, 4) using Tumblr for business, 5) key terms related to Tumblr, and 6) best practices for using Tumblr / case study of a business using Tumblr well.1. PURPOSE OF TUMBLRTumblr is a widely used microblogging platform, hosting nearly 200 million blogs as of August 2014. It is extremely popular with users under 25, which comprise half of its visitors. As of the beginning of 2014, Tumblr blogs received approximately 48 million visits per month from PCs, desktops, laptops, and phones, with approximately one-third of these visits coming from the U.S.Tumblr is not only a blogging platform; it is also a social networking website. Users can follow others and share interesting content with other Tumblr users.History of TumblrTumblr was founded by David Karp and Marco Arment in 2006, and remained a private firm until its acquisition by Internet firm Yahoo! Inc. in March of 2013 for $1.1 billion in cash. Karp, a web developer, who at 20, had already served as the head of product for online parenting website UrbanBaby, started a computer consulting firm, Davidville, in 2006. While Davidville was between contracts, Karp began to work on what would become Tumblr with Davidville engineer Marco Arment. The microblogging platform officially launched in February of 2007 and signed up 75,000 users in the first two weeks of operation alone. As of June 2014, it is the sixth largest social network in terms of active users, as per Statista.David Karp: When It All Came Together Tumblr makes money by selling advertising revenue, as well as themes (software packages that allow users to change the appearance of a website, software application, or operating system). However, as of May 2014, and indeed throughout Tumblr’s history, revenue has been sparse. This is because even though it receives 48 million visits per month, Tumblr does not collect much demographic data on its visitors. It’s hard to sell advertising when you cannot tell potential advertisers who their ads will reach. By contrast, Tumblr’s competitors for advertising revenue â€" Internet and software firms like Facebook and Google, can provide potential advertisers with reams of data about their respective visitor bases.Main purpose of TumblrTumblr is what is known as a tumblelog or microblog a type of blog differentiated by the small size (file size and length) of its posts. A typical microblog text posts may only be a couple of sentences; li kewise, the number of photos per post may be limited. Microblogging platforms are designed specifically to facilitate this level of content sharing. Twitter and Plurk are other prominent examples of microblogs (though, unlike Tumblr, these have restrictions on length of content). As per its website, Tumblr is built around seven key post types: text, photos, links, quotes, chat, audio, and video.The platform is best suited for frequently updated blogs heavy on rich media content.  2. BENEFITS OF USING TUMBLRTumblr can be used to great effect for a personal or corporate blog, as well as a secondary blog if you already have one in place on another platform. The benefits are many and include the following aspects. DemographicsTumblr is very popular among younger Internet users, and celebrities including the likes of many celebrities, such as actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt, musicians Lady Gaga and Donald Glover, and even U.S. President Barack Obama. Using Tumblr appropriately allows you to t arget a very attractive demographic.  Visibility and reach Use of Tumblr as a blog allows you to extend your personal or professional brand, engage followers, share content, and network with other Tumblr bloggers. Tumblr updates can also be synced to other social media accounts, allowing you to automatically share your Tumblr posts to Twitter, for example, or your Tweets to automatically appear on your Tumblr page, broadening your reach. Tumblr blogs are indexed by search engines, which help increase your SEO. It is also optimized for mobile viewing, a key benefit, as the worldwide smartphone market is expected to grow from 1.2 billion units to 1.7 billion units by 2018, according to market research firm IDC.Further, in mid-2014, Facebook changed algorithms that led to a decline in the organic reach of its posts. Tumblr has no such algorithm and engagement with its posts already lasted longer on average than Facebook engagement posts before the algorithm changes. It is likely that c ertain content creators may benefit from heavier use of Tumblr rather than Facebook.FunctionalityTumblr allows users to restrict access to their blogs, which paradoxically affects revenue, increases usage and engagement among younger users. This feature can also be leveraged for target marketing. Also, Tumblr allows users to use GIFS â€" animated graphics, unsupported by Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, or Instagram.  Ease of UseTumblr is easier to manage than many other blogging platforms, notably WordPress. No real technical skills are required to begin blogging. Tumblr’s Bookmarklet feature makes it easy to incorporate online posts into your content. Dragging the tool into your bookmarks toolbar and then clicking it when you are on a page you would like to share create a post that you can customize immediately. Because Tumblr is hosted software, you don’t have to worry about back-end maintenance. And you can create multiple blogs easily, as well as blogs with multiple authors.   3. HOW TO SET UP A TUMBLR ACCOUNT © Flickr | David HorowitzTumblr strives to make everything easy for users and setting up an account is no different, as all you need is an email address. Visit www.tumblr.com and fill out the email address you would like associated with your Tumblr account, a password and the subdomain you would like to use for your blog’s URL (which will appear as subdomain.tumblr.com). Once you click the  Sign in and start posting button below (and assuming your email address and subdomain are not already in use), you are free to start configuring, designing, and posting on your blog.Chances are high you will want to customize your blog to some extent. Don’t worry if you do not know much â€" or any â€" HTML. Tumblr makes themes available for you, most of which come with simple editing interfaces that allow you to change things like color and text size with a few keystrokes. If no theme has a layout that suits your purpose, you can click on Customize in the Tumblr dashboard, click Theme, and th e click Use custom HTML. Tumblr has a page called How to create a custom HTML theme, with considerable information on how to customize your blog for further reading.   4. USING TUMBLR FOR BUSINESSWhile its precise demographic data remains murky, Tumblr is a strong social media tool for business. It can and should be used for:  Creating unique contentWith its emphasis on rich media, Tumblr practically demands that marketers follow the age-old adage about good writing: show, don’t tell. Text- and link-based posts are unlikely to get your blog any traction. Instead, marketers should take full advantage of the elegant way Tumblr’s many themes can display photo and video content to create compelling and engaging content. And as with any social media tool, just don’t post as things occur to you. Before you start your first post, lay out your content strategy, a single document that outlines what content you will post, how you will obtain it, and when it will be posted. With nearly 2 00 million blogs, your content has a lot of competition for eyeballs, so be strategic in what you post.Expanding reach / visibility On Tumblr itself, using tags to categorize Tumblr posts is critical to increase your blog’s visibility. They can be used to enhance searchability on the Tumblr site, and gain the attention of Tag Editors who can increase your visibility on Tumblr. Further, many Tumblr users use tags, allowing marketers to identify users interested in particular topics. For example, a soft drink manufacturing firm looking to introduce a new lime-flavored beverage that created brand awareness ads concerning limes, and added them to posts with relevant tags (e.g. limes, drinks), might very well increase its traffic.Growing your network Tumblr allows you to follow blogs of interest, as well as be followed by other users who are interested in the content you create. Keys to gain a large following are some fundamental rules of social networking, such as creating compelling content, posting new content frequently, following others, and engaging others. You can do the latter by liking their content, commenting on it, or reblogging it.Enhancing your SEOAdding a Tumblr blog to your SEO mix can increase your overall corporate visibility in search engines in general. Tumblr blog posts are indexed by search engines, and can be found by any online user searching for your, or similar, content.Engaging customers / generating sales leadsYou can search Tumblr by topic of interest or tag to develop a list of those who might be interested in your product or service. But given the sheer number of blogs, not to mention private and untagged ones, this could be challenging unless you have a fairly narrowly defined market or a brand already strongly represented on Tumblr. Proper use of tags will help Tumblr users find you. Further, Tumblr has begun to evolve as a platform where users engage with content for longer periods than on other networks. This is partially due to the emphasis on evergreen content â€" content which is often shared a month or more after the original post. This is also due to the rich media nature of most content, and the fact that in order to stand out, content has to be unique and engaging. You can generate a lot of traffic with a simple, quirky GIF that people find funny, interesting, or unique, which you can then direct to other digital assets.You can also use your Tumblr blog as an informal channel for customer service, product or brand research, or product launches. Don’t just post updates. Ask questions.Developing microsites for marketing campaigns and initiativesYou can use Tumblr to develop microsites for specific marketing campaigns or initiatives. For example, the aforementioned soft drink manufacturing firm could use Tumblr to document product launches of its drink occurring simultaneously in multiple cities, with brand ambassadors and consumers alike live-blogging the event on Tumblr. Tracking basic information about site usage can be done with Tumblr’s own analytics. For more robust options, Google Analytics can be implemented easily. Another option for firms is the Professional version of Tumblr-endorsed Union Metrics, an analytics application that has different pricing options depending on the depth of data you want to track.How To Use Tumblr: Tips for Entrepreneurs 5. KEY TERMS RELATED TO TUMBLRReblog â€" A function that allows you to add another user’s Tumblr content to your blog while crediting them for the post.Notes â€" The number of likes and reblogs a post receives.Asks â€" Questions users ask each other that appear on their respective dashboards, with a 500- character limit.Tags â€" Descriptive words or phrases without spaces that are used by Tumblr to categorize posts. Tumblr tags are not HTML metadata tags.  Please note there are a number of slang terms that are prevalent among younger and heavy Tumblr users. It is a good idea to familiarize yourself with them so that you can decipher the feedback you receive from your Tumblr blog viewers properly. For a good guide, check out Words People Use on Tumblr, a Tumblr blog, or The Daily Dot’s A sincere guide to Tumblr slang.  6. BEST PRACTICES FOR USING TUMBLR / CASE STUDY OF A BUSINESS USING TUMBLR WELLBest practices for Tumblr include:Posting rich media content.Posting short-form content. Not only is Tumblr designed for short-form content, young adults don’t have the longest attention spans. (While there are no character limit restrictions on Tumblr posts, the Tumblr platform limits you to ten photos per post). Quote and link to long-form content on your other digital assets, such as a press release, to drive Tumblr user traffic to it.Posting frequently. Optimal number of posts is about three to five post per day when doing posting on average three to five days per week.Sharing just as frequently (if not more so). Don’t forget that Tumblr is a social networking site as well as a blogging platform, and sharing content is a good way to gain followers and interest in your blog(s).Using tags: Tumblr only makes the first five tags visible in search. However, the optimum number is between 7 and 12 tags per post, according to Neil Patel (the co-founder of KISSmetrics).Using the Ask feature: The Ask feature allows users who select it to ask a question which can appear on your Tumblr blog as a post, along with the answer to your question. Adding the Ask button to your Tumblr theme helps you: create content (through viewer-generated questions), create a perception of responsiveness and public intimacy, and identify issues.Avoiding news where possible: Tumblr works best when you post material that can be continually liked, commented on, and reblogged. News, in general, is not that kind of content.Customizing your blog to reflect your brandAdding social sharing buttons: This will help you extend your content’s reach.Creating multiple blogs with complementary content: This also allows y ou to grow your content reach and Tumblr follower base.Being original and authentic.A great example of a firm with Tumblr blogs that follows these practices is IBM. IBM has three Tumblr blogs â€" a primary blog, A Smarter Planet, and two complementary blogs, The Social Business and The Smarter Cities Scan, all of which follow most if not all of these practices. What makes IBM’s use of Tumblr interesting is that these are not official corporate blogs, as IBM lacks one. IBM’s blogging strategy involves allowing IBM staff and alum to be themselves and post content free of brand-based restrictions. Blogs like a Smarter Planet, which focuses on leveraging smarter technologies to improve the world in which we live, exemplify originality and authenticity, which helped IBM become #4 on Interbrand’s best global brands list in 2013, retaining a spot within the top 5 brands for the past 5 years. Image credit:  Flickr | David Horowitz under Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic.

Effective Communication For The Nursing Profession

A Reflective Essay on Effective Communication Skills in the Nursing Profession. Name: Carmela Alitin Student Number: n9713271 Unit: PYB007 Communication for Health Professionals Tutor: Aleana Green Tutorial: Thursdays 11am-1pm, Z-607 Word Count: 1,380 A Reflective Essay on Effective Communication Skills in the Nursing Profession â€Å"Effective communication is integral in every profession, but in nursing, it could mean the difference between life and death,† (E.S Alitin, personal communication, 31 March, 2016). Effective communication is a skill that must be adopted as it is a means in achieving optimal outcome in all professions. To demonstrate this, I recently had the opportunity to interview a professional in nursing to discuss the important role of effective communication and how this may help me for my future profession as a lawyer. Using the 4 R’s model, the following essay will present this topic, highlighting the influence of communication in developing respectful relationships with both patients and colleagues in the workplace. Reporting and Responding to the Interview The interview was conducted with a registered nurse with more than 10 years’ experience. Her current role is working in the Medical Assessment and Planning Unit, in particular, the palliative care area. On a regular basis, her role involves providing safe and quality care to her patients, and more specifically end of life care. In doing so, two predominant skills of communicationShow MoreRelatedNursing and Social Responsibility1468 Words   |  6 Pagesthe values of professions in general and nursing in particular† and that â€Å"the underlying constructs of social responsibility, communication and teamwork are woven into the fabric of nursing s history and its code of ethics†(Kelley,2008). 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Review Of O Connor - 1216 Words

Devin Simpson 4/15/15 Professor Caruso 4/14/15 The writer Flannery O’Connor has presented very strange picture of a dysfunctional family on a family vacation which is shown to be destroyed just because of by three escaped convicts. The story reaches its climax at the time when the grandmother, very important to the story, who is very near to her death is offered the gift of grace and she willfully accepts that gift. Many circumstances that eventually lead to that climax in the story are very interesting. The story is an exact explanation of the words in the title. It shows a very hard and uncompromised statement, this statement encompasses that humans are manipulated by other fellow humans. There is another concept regarding this story which shows that it is a kind of black comedy. There are many views regarding the characters in the story and their own roles. The characters are getting manipulated which can be also analyzed as a supreme power playing with humans in a very mysterious way against their will. All of these fo rces can be potentially justified as a potential explanation of what ultimately happens to the family. As far as historical period is concerned, this story is actually one from the mid nineteenth century as it goes along to 1955. This story is applicable to the American public due to its typical unfortunate or suspense nature which reaches its climax when the Misfit and his partners violently kill the family. A Good Man is Hard to Find focuses on familyShow MoreRelatedReview Of Flannery O Connor1228 Words   |  5 Pagesdevoutly Christian author in the 1950s, O’Connor was often criticized for the religious content and â€Å"grotesque† characters often incorporated into her works. They were considered too â€Å"brutal†, too â€Å"sarcastic.† (The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O Connor). O’Connor begged to differ. Through her essay, â€Å"Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction†, she defends the individuality and moral value of Southern fiction. She makes a clear distinction between the correct and incorrect usages of theRead MoreReview Of Flannery O Connor s Rage Of Vision861 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout Southern literature, the authors of Southern text use religion to convey emotion through grotesque-life changing events and concepts. An article titled â€Å"Flannery O’Connor’s Rage of Vision†, by Claire Katz discusses how O’Connor’s literature feature religion and Christianity to throughout the literature. The author states, â€Å"Since O’Connor had identified her theme as Christian, it is no surprise to find critics discussing this prototypical pattern in religious terms; the protagonist is humiliatedRead MoreMore Cost Effective And Have Longer Lasting Effects Than Medication1008 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain that it is a fo rm of short term treatment (typically 9 to 12 weeks), but has long term results. I would explain that patients who engage in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are likely to learn new skills, some of which may last a lifetime† (O Connor, K. P., Aardema, F., Robillard, S., Guay, S., Pà ©lissier, M., Todorov, C., ... Doucet, P., 2006). This would be extremely effective for Howard, because he would learn coping skills that would help him throughout his treatment process and life. SomeRead MoreEverything That Rises Must Converge1345 Words   |  6 PagesRising from Racism to Converge in Equality Generations of people always grow up learning different beliefs from their parents, who usually still hold on to old fashioned beliefs and ideas. â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†, by Flannery O’ Connor, is considered a humorous but enthralling tale of a college graduate named Julian who lives with his prejudiced mother. The story takes place a couple years after segregation ended in the South, and African Americans and Caucasians can share publicRead MoreIrony In A Good Man Is Hard To Find1170 Words   |  5 Pagesdance. Unfortunately, I must agree with Bandy because it is something most people tend to do, and it is important to beyond a person’s outward appearance. As Bandy mentions, the grandmother and the misfit are often intertwined in many critics’ reviews of A Good Man is Hard to Find (1). One of the most obvious ironies they share is that you perceive one as being the opposite of the other for the wrong reasons. With the grandmother, as stated before, one may assume her to be a good person, whileRead MoreAlternative Treatment Of Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure1374 Words   |  6 Pagesthis paper I have chosen to use an article about possible treatments of children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) through a program called Children’s Friendship Training (CFT) compared to another treatment plan called Standard of Care (SOC). O Connor, M. J., Laugeson, E. A., Mogil, C., Lowe, E., Welch-Torres, K., Keil, V., Paley, B. (2012). In the article they state that children born with PAE have major social skills deficits. These children are commonly treated in community mental healthRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Hulga s Sp iritual Blindness 1369 Words   |  6 Pagesstory. Hulga concerns herself with what is which relates the her disdainful rejection of the spiritual, so Hulga takes from the passage exactly what Heidegger is arguing against. (Hubbord, p53) Hulga is ethically problematic but nonetheless useful in O’ Connor’s vision of the damning and damned, universe.† She is disabled and physically carries the stigma of abnormality, metaphorically emboding the â€Å"sins† of the world with her.† (Behling p.88) â€Å"Hulga is a 32 year-old with a Ph.D. in philosophy andRead MoreCase Study : City Of Ontario V.1062 Words   |  5 Pagesadditional fee that Quon paid. The department took notice of the high number of messages and decided to look into the matter to see if the limit was set too low and to make sure the messages being sent on the company pagers were work related. During their review of the transcripts they found many personal messages, which resulted in Quon being reprimanded by the department. Quon felt the actions of his workplace were unfair on the basis of the Fourth Amendment and brought action against the city. It is importantRead MoreCase Study : Agostini Vs. Felton 825 Words   |  4 Pagesinstruction to students in parochial schools. The Court interpreted the Establishment Clause as a strict separation between religion and government affairs. The parochial school board, and some parents brought this case to the Supreme Court to seek review. The outcome of the suit concluded with a 5-4 decision. The court stated that money could be funded by federal programs to provide aid to challenged students in parochial schools without defying the Establishment Clause. Reflection of the HistoricalRead MoreAn Investigation Into The Park Of A Zoo Gorilla s Enclosure Last Weekend942 Words   |  4 PagesCincinnati Zoo officials shot and killed the beloved and endangered gorilla, named Harambe. The boy was not seriously injured. Cincinnati police said Tuesday that their review is only regarding the actions of the parents/family that led up to the incident and not related to the operation or safety of the Cincinnati Zoo. After the review, we will determine if charges need to be brought forward, police spokeswoman Tiffaney Hardy said. If it is determined charges need to be brought forward, we would

Child Development Free Essays

1. You are asked to select a reading book for a three year old. Describe the features you would want within the book in order to foster a child’s intellectual ability, such as colour recognition and shape recognition? For this assignment is my chosen book is: Dear Zoo by Rod Campbell. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my opinion this book contains lots of things that a three-years old needs to develop intellectually. Children at this age, learns quickly through exploring. They use all of their senses to discover new things from the world. Reading this book, children can get involved in the story. It is easy to read, to understand. It has simple, short sentences which are understandable by 3 years olds as they already can talk in complete 3-5 words sentences. The text is repeating itself: â€Å"So they sent me a†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is just like a rhyme, and it makes the story enjoyable, interesting. By the third page, children usually are repeating the words. Probably, listening this story couple of times, they are able to tell it by themselves, by their words. If not, they can tell a simple story from the pictures. This book is able to teach colours and shapes. Every page contains different basic colours and basic shapes, such as yellow, red, green, blue, and rectangles, squares. They can recognize different animals which children are interested in. They learn about how animals look like, what makes them unique, their main characteristic, for example: the elephant is big, the giraffe is tall, the lion is fierce, etc. Because this book is a lift-the-flap book, kids can get involved in the reading. They can uncover the hiding animals under the boxes. Then, when they got known which animal is hiding there, they can imitate them. It is good fun and learning adventure for them and their parents as well. 2. How would you design a book? Describe your layout in terms of language, images, colours. If I were a children book writer, designer, I would consider the age I write my books to, because every age is interested in different things. A book has to be interesting to keep children’s attention. Choosing the subject, we have to decide who we want to write the book because girls and boys are usually not interested in the same thing. While a girl likes playing with dolls, little cute animals, likes flowers and butterflies, a boy prefers cars, trains, dinosaurs, wild animals. With reference to the first point, a three year old needs colours, shapes, animals to kindle their interests. I would use brief, easy sentences, rhymes that children easily can repeat. Rhymes are just like songs, they have melody, rhythm. I wouldn’t use too many colours, just mainly the basic ones, such as red, yellow, green, blue, white, black, and some orange, pink. 3. Explain how the proposed book would assist the child’s overall development. A child who leafs through this book can improve intellectually. Through colour and shape recognition to recognizing animals, using short sentences by repeating them children can learn many things. As everything is new to them, they learn from small, everyday actions. A fascinating book helps children to visualize the reality of event. For example: an tank engine is usually big, dirty, loud, smelly, but if you tell them here comes Thomas, they know he is nice, he can talk, something always happens to him, he has got friends, so they can be familiar with him. How to cite Child Development, Papers Child Development Free Essays Abstract Preschool students who are entering kindergarten are often expected to attend a screening session. My research focused on the qualities of a successful screening tool and how the tool is used to assist educators. I was curious to know if a screening tool provided enough information for educators to adequately balance classes during the process of placing incoming kindergarteners. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Placing students based on their academic and social needs gives teachers more time and opportunities to successfully teach to their students’ strengths, challenges, and personalities. Finally, I was interested in researching which screening tools educators chose to use. Throughout my research I wanted to determine which areas of development were typically part of the preferred screening tools and to determine which areas were better predictors of academic achievement. Running head: BENEFITS OF SCREENING INCOMING KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS 3Statement of IssueKindergarten screening is used to determine which students are at risk for developmental, behavioral, or academic difficulties. A kindergarten screening tool is designed to identify potential learning or behavioral difficulties before they increase in frequency, intensity, or duration after the student enters school. Students who are identified can receive support from their school and families in a more timely and effective manner. The screening data also provides information that assists in the process of student placement into kindergarten classrooms.Literature ReviewSchool readiness, defined as social, emotional, and behavioral readiness to learn is a fundamental aspect of school success. Screening students who are entering kindergarten can be beneficial in identifying which students are demonstrating school readiness and which students would benefit from additional support once they begin kindergarten. Determining whether or not to require incoming kindergarteners to participate in a screening session is a discussion between the kindergarten teachers, administration of the elementary school, guidance counselor, and curriculum coordinator. The purpose may extend beyond the placement of students to include comparative data gathered to use in future discussions related to the students’ progress.It is necessary to recognize the difference between the terms assessment and screening. While many people use these terms interchangeably, they have different purposes. Given the growth in the use of screening and assessment practices to identify students at increased levels of risk, it is important to emphasize important distinctions between screening and assessment. Running head: BENEFITS OF SCREENING INCOMING KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS 4Specifically, screening and assessment procedures differ in their purposes, features, and the types of tools used. School readiness screening measures would be administered to every child entering kindergarten. Stormant (2016) suggests that a true screening system should be brief, simple, and rely on easy to administer tools. The purpose of assessment is to conduct a lengthy, in-depth, and thorough investigation. Invernizzi (2010) discusses the criteria for early literacy assessment in preschoolers assessment decisions. They must be broad-based, easy and efficient to administer and interpret, and provide immediate instructional benefits to teachers. Along with deciding whether or not to participate, educators must choose which tool to use and what developmental areas to focus on. Educators can then create balanced classrooms and prepare supports for the students who showed a lack of school readiness based on the outcomes. Steps can be taken to prepare these students for their entrance into kindergarten by providing summer programs and planning for ways of implementing instruction that offers extra support at the start of the school year for students who need it. RTI is a method of providing Tiered support for struggling students. Kindergarten screening results can provide educators with a starting point of data. Interestingly, Seethaler (2010) advises that screening students who haven’t been exposed to math concepts prior to attending school may give false information. She questioned that waiting until students have more time to be exposed to common math experiences might allow the students without prior exposure to number concepts time to ‘catch up’ to their peers. In her research she also examined the single skill screener versus multiple skills screeners to determine potential mathematics difficulty in kindergarten students. Phonological Awareness is known to be a predictor of academic success in Literacy where Number Sense is a predictor of math success.   Bridges and Catts (2011) report that specifically, Running head: BENEFITS OF SCREENING INCOMING KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS 5dynamic screening may be able to reduce the false positives associated with universal screening in the early school grades. Although preschool opportunities provide many children with literacy experience and instruction, a large number of children continue to enter kindergarten with limited literacy knowledge. A lack of literacy knowledge at the beginning of kindergarten can affect performance on measures of phonological awareness and lead to children being identified as at risk for reading difficulties.The kindergarten screening process is a way to gauge a child’s current functioning and growth. It is a brief evaluation of several developmental domains of functioning in young children that typically takes place prior to the beginning of kindergarten. It can be an important prevention or early intervention tool to determine which young children are at risk for developmental, behavioral, or academic difficulties. The areas of development that are most commonly evaluated during a screening are; Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Language, Concepts (Math, Phonological Awareness), Self-help Development, Social/Emotional Development, and Behavior.Conoyer (2016) advises when selecting screening tools, educational professionals must balance efficiency relative to predictive utility and diagnostic feedback. While some may opt for a multi-skill measure with a longer administration time, others may prefer a brief screener that has sufficient predictive utility, and then administer diagnostic assessments to the smaller group of students identified in the initial screen.PALS-PreK is a scientifically-based phonological awareness and literacy screening that measures preschoolers’ developing knowledge of important literacy fundamentals. The assessment reflects skills that are predictive of future reading success. It measures name writing, Running head: BENEFITS OF SCREENING INCOMING KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS 6beginning sound awareness, print and word awareness, rhyme and nursery rhyme awareness, and alphabet knowledge. Phonological awareness refers to the ability to pay attention to, identify, and manipulate sound units within spoken words.As stated by McWayne (2011), the K-ABR is a teacher rating screener that includes three items to screen children in need of academic and/or behavior support. The specific items comprising the K-ABR include (1) â€Å"Compared to other students in this school, how was this child’s readiness for the behavioral expectations of kindergarten,† (2) â€Å"Compared to other students in this school, how was this child’s academic readiness for kindergarten,† and (3) â€Å"Compared to other students in this school, how was this child’s overall readiness for kindergarten. â€Å"Kokkalia (2017) explains that the DIAL–4 is an appropriate screening tool for children ages 2.6 years to 5.11 years. The tool is individually administered but is appropriate for use in environments where large kindergarten screenings occur, taking approximately 25-35 minutes per child to administer. Each of five performance areas is scored on a behavior (psychological and social) rating scale. Behaviors are observed during the screening process to help determine if further assessment is needed. This tool offers comprehensive information in five performance areas; Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Language, Concepts, Self-help Development, Social Development. This is the tool that my school district has chosen to implement this year for the first time.Hamm (2014) describes a program called KidSkills whose goal is to meet the principles of RTI and illustrate the effectiveness of elementary teachers and specialists teaming up to systematically examine student needs. Collaborative models such as this one aim to support Running head: BENEFITS OF SCREENING INCOMING KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS 7student achievement. Multiple perspectives from various areas of expertise offer strategies that collectively support the whole child. Early screening, systematic data collection, collaboration, and a strong home- school partnership are key components of this program that can be replicated in a variety of settings and possibly generalized to other academic areas. The program provides kindergarten students with targeted small-group instruction once a week focusing on phonemic awareness, language and vocabulary development, literacy skills, and fine motor and perceptual skills.ConclusionThe methods used to perform kindergarten screenings are often in question. Educators discuss if preschool students are capable of accurately sharing what they know with individuals they have just met in a school setting that may cause anxiety in some children. Early Childhood educators may disagree with some of the developmental areas on the screening tools. Teachers may assume that children come to kindergarten with the prerequisite fine motor and perceptual skills to practice letter formation. Kindergarten screening tools may not pick up on the subtle needs experienced by some children that will make letter formation difficult. Assessing and addressing visual–motor skills is an essential predictor of academic achievement. As stated by Conoyer (2016), early identification of students at risk in mathematics is limited in value if educators are unable to evaluate and adjust their instructional programs to effect improved mathematics achievement.Further research to explore how the information gathered during kindergarten screeners should be examined and compared to future student assessments. Academic predictors could be evaluated in more detail and more data should be gathered in order to follow student progress Running head: BENEFITS OF SCREENING INCOMING KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS 8throughout the elementary years. Continuing to check in with classroom teachers to find out if the classes ended up being successfully ‘balanced’ would be of interest to my research of kindergarten screening usefulness. Each year students enter kindergarten with varying levels of maturity, attention, and exposure to academic concepts. Acknowledging this and proceeding without biases when examining the data collected is essential to the child’s future school career. How to cite Child Development, Papers Child Development Free Essays string(261) " work focused strongly on the child’s development as a lone journey which they, themselves could only reach, Vygotsky believed that when teachers or dults place children in settings that challenge their competence, children can learn through instruction\." The cognitive process of child development and learning has influenced theorists such as Piaget, Vygtosky, Montessori, Bruner and Dewey to develop learning theories which highlight how the cognitive operation of learning occurs and how it is best achieved. The work of these theorists has become the foundation for much research and insight into how children develop on their journey towards learning. To understand how and when children begin to learn, it is important to look at why we value the process of learning, as Peller (1946) expresses, â€Å"The function of early education is to initiate, support and accelerate developmental processes, leading from child to adulthood. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now † It is also important to consider the environment that learning takes place in. This has been reflected in the work of such theorists as Maslow and Montessori. Maslow observed a hierarchy of needs; within this hierarchy he observed that by attempting to understand the needs of children, more children were able to achieve their full learning potential. He suggests only when basic physiological needs such as food and water are satisfied, then cognitive development can occur and the higher needs which he categorizes as ‘Self-Actualization’, such as remembering, understanding and problem solving can then be achieved. Although Maslow documented this Hierarchy of Needs in 1934, it is fair to comment that its principles are still applied to modern education today. For example, Government legislation now provides for free school meals for disadvantaged children of an income support background, enabling these basic physiological needs such as food and water to be met, highlighting the direct relationship between children’s needs, and their learning. This was observed on SBW in two primary schools. Theorist Maria Montessori, whose work provided the foundation for later theorists as Piaget and Vygotsky, also agreed children have an inherent desire to learn and that they would learn through self-instigated actions in an appropriate environment in which they are placed (Horn et al, 2006). Montessori believed a child friendly environment which is accessible and understandable to children, is the best setting for cognitive development and the learning process to begin. The two main psychological theories which we can observe to study the process of learning are Cognitive Development theories, and Social Constructivism theories. Cognitive development theory refers to knowledge generated through learner’s active exploration of the world and environment. It focuses on developmental stages children pass through, and how learning expands with maturity. This psychological theory is most commonly associated with the work of epistemologist, Jean Piaget. The basis of Piaget’s theory underpinned how children arrive at what they know (Mooney, 2000). The two main stages associated with early year’s education are the Sensorimotor and Preoperational stages. Piaget proposed children arrive at rational thought when they pass through these two cognitive developmental stages. From infancy, babies show signs of a strong urge to adapt to their environment. Piaget noted that children’s thought journey was a process of adaptation, assimilation and accommodation (Morse et al, 1962). He observed this adaptation as a child adjusting their behavior to cope with the demands of the environment they find themselves in. For example, a baby will cry because of hunger, once presented with food, the hunger will go away. Through this adaptation, comes assimilation, the baby will take in from this experience that food combats hunger, and to aid hunger pains, they must eat. As Wood (1988) states, â€Å"The complementary process of accommodation enables the child to deal with new information or new experiences by adapting their experiences. For example, the baby may recognize the banana in its yellow skin, but when the banana presented out of the skin, a child can connect the concrete object to the abstract taste. Piaget stated the sensorimotor stage occurred between birth and eighteen months. In this stage of the cognitive development process Piaget observed babies actions as moving from reflexive, simply without thought, to purposeful actions. For example, a newborn baby w ill often latch onto the fingers of its carers, for no purpose. However, toddlers from twelve months of age will grab their mothers hand as they know it will receive attention. Piaget labeled this stage as ‘sensorimotor’ as children learn through their senses, manipulating materials. Montessori also believed children learn through sensory experiences, however, unlike Piaget she believed that this could pass through all stages of cognitive development, not simply from birth to 18 months. Piaget believed another key aspect of the sensorimotor stage was children’s ability to manipulate materials. Montessori was of the same agreement, so much so that when she opened her schools, she became involved in making her own child sized materials, tools and furnishings. Mooney, 2000) Piaget defined a progression of the sensorimotor stage as ‘object permanence. ‘ He believed this is when children begin to realize that objects exist when they are not in their direct line of sight. For example, Mooney (2000) illustrates, â€Å"before eight or nine months, they drop things from the high chair tray without making a fuss. This is because [for infants] if things are out of sight, they are literally out of mind. Then suddenly at eight of nine months when that spoon drops, they are fussing and wanting it back. This agrees with Piaget’s theory of children as egocentric individuals at the sensorimotor stage, who only see the world relative to themselves. This egocentrism is also illustrated in the Preoperational stage from eighteen months to six years. Piaget believed children could only focus on one thing at a time, and only gathered information that was relevant to them. This is where Piaget used his reasoning of adaptation, assimilation and accommodation, but specifically here, accommodation, to enable children to develop to the concrete operational stage. While Piaget’s work has influenced early childhood education, many have criticized his work. Piaget believed children could not show reasoning behind higher level ability tasks until they were at the appropriate maturity level and developmental stage. However, Vygotsky believed children could be stretched mentally, and still perform successfully. While Piaget’s work focused strongly on the child’s development as a lone journey which they, themselves could only reach, Vygotsky believed that when teachers or dults place children in settings that challenge their competence, children can learn through instruction. You read "Child Development" in category "Essay examples" This is classified by Vygotsky as the zone of proximal development (ZPD). Vygotsky used this term ZPD to refer to the gap that exists between the intellectual competence of a child on their own, and what they can achieve working with the help of an adult. Vygotsky developed his idea of ZPD to focus o n the theory of social constructivism, studying how knowledge acquisition occurs in children first through experiences and secondly through social interaction with peers and adults. While Vygotsky and Piaget both agreed activities and learning experiences for children need to be purposeful, they disagreed on the instruction of these activities. (Wood, 1988: 84) Much of work of Vygotsky and Dewey has become known as Social Constructivism Theory and builds on Piaget’s foundations. They argue the level of learning that derives from experience, is determined by the quality of the experience. They suggest practical and purposeful activities that relate to every day life and social settings should be presented to children. Where Piaget believes learning is only effective when children construct their own understanding, Vygotsky believes the attainment of knowledge comes from mastering new social situations where learning is shared with others. Vygotsky argues that there are children on the edge of progression, who may not be able to develop cognitively without the help of others in this social interaction. Vygotsky firmly believed experiences should be shared in social settings, and placed a large emphasis on the quality of group work within the cognitive development process. Within group work, children’s language is encouraged to develop, through questioning, talking and sharing ideas with their peers. This is still valued in classrooms today, as it was observed in SBW in many children will have ‘talk partners. ‘ Many theorists have argued that Piaget’s theory disregards the importance of language development as a learning tool for children, however, Vygotsky values language development as an extension of the learning process. However, it is fair to comment that Piaget’s theory of developmental stages can be linked to language development also, for example at birth babies will only hear noises, by six weeks, their voice box engages, by age three they can construct complex sentences of 4 words and more, illustrating the relationship between language development and maturity. Bruner also considered language to be directly linked to cognitive development, believing in a structured environment of learning where the adult can facilitate learning by method of Scaffolding. This metaphor by Bruner is used to explain, much of what Vygotsky argued with his ZPD theory, adults may provide framework and foundations for learning, and by modeling appropriate behavior, children can progress to reason for themselves in Piaget’s preferred solitary experience, but the adult is present to provide hints and prompts. Dewey (1897) stated â€Å"Education comes through the stimulation of the child’s powers by the demands of the social situations in which he finds himself. My Pedagogic Creed (Washington, DC: The Progressive Education Association, 1897) by this, Dewey agreed with Vygotsky’s theory that education must involve the social world of children (Mooney 2000), but he took a neutral stance by arguing the principles of both theorists, that children can work both alone, like Piaget suggest, as well as in co-operation with adults, as Vygotsky states. Within Social Constructivism theories, many theorists have pondered the importance of the role of the teacher in the learning process. Many explore the role of the adult aiding the cognitive development process in a social setting, such as the home, but it is also useful to consider how teachers aid children’s development in the classroom. Vygotsky, Piaget, Bruner and Montessori have explored this. Theorists such as Skinner and Pavlov have also concentrated on how teachers can enforce behavioral learning theories to aid learning. Skinner (1968) argued in his book that Classical conditioning lay ultimately in the hands of teachers to reinforce learning. He believed it was the role of the teacher to encourage positive attitudes towards learning and this could be established through rewards. By using rewards such as praise it is positive reinforcement that the children are adhering to the desired response. Skinner’s work has proven effective in the teaching of SEN pupils as, when rewarded, they are more likely to repeat positive behavior, or positive attitudes towards learning. Skinner also argued that many teachers use examinations to reveal what pupils don’t know and cannot do, rather than expose and build on what they do know and are able to learn (Wood 1988). He agreed with Montessori ( ) who stated, â€Å"If teachers aren’t knowledgeable about students, authentic learning will not occur. † Dewey believed that evidence gathered through observations, would enable teachers to provide a more individualized curriculum for students. (Mooney 2000) For teachers to be able to build on what children know, and are able to learn, these theorists have noted the importance of the teacher as an observer. Piaget observed children were egocentric individuals, therefore he suggested that for learning to be effective and authentic as Montessori desired, the teacher themselves must de-centre and become child-centred. It is agreeable that in the learning process, frustrated teachers often find themselves complaining children do not understand. However, it is often not considered that Piaget’s idea of egocentrism behavior can be applied to teachers. If teachers placed as much focus on observing children to understand how their educational needs can be met, as they do reflecting on their own position in the cognitive development process, learning would become individualized as Dewey hoped. Piaget, like Montessori also believed that uninterrupted periods of play in early childhood classrooms were beneficial. With the teacher taking a backward step and respecting children’s absorption from work (Mooney 2000) Piaget believed children could construct their own learning. However, like Dewey, Vygotsky believed that teachers observations were crucial in curriculum planning. By observing children’s ZPD, Vygotsky felt you could clearly see where children were in the cognitive development process. By monitoring the level of adult interaction required, teachers could assess easily where children were struggling, and plan purposeful activities, like Piaget agreed were necessary. Dewey in (1938 – Exp and education) further agreed with this role of teacher, he believed that by focusing on the concept of ZPD, teachers could determine a more suitable curriculum for the children of their class, based on knowledge and ability they currently possess. Horn et al (2007) recorded Montessori’s belief of observation as critical to understanding children’s needs. She realized the importance of observation to observe children and their ‘individual development levels’, Horn et al (2007) and how observations may highlight children who are not at the ‘sequence of development’ recommended for them, as Piaget outlined. It was also observed on SBW that observations are a huge part of the role of a teacher, with strict demands of 2 observations per day for a single child. Arguably, if observations are carried out early enough, on supposed struggling children, this allows recommendations to be made to SENCO, Special Schools or Speech therapists to aid children before their cognitive development is further hindered. To conclude, the contrasting but significant work of these theorists illustrate how learning theories developed over a century ago are still highly influential in behavior towards early childhood education. While there may be differences of opinion between theorists, on which provides the most effective learning method, many of the insights provided by Piaget and Vygotsky all have substantial elements of reasoning. The work of Piaget, Vygotsky, Montessori, Dewey and Bruner undoubtedly still determines the practice of classrooms all over the world today, they have influenced government legislation in the modern world today, and will continue to bear significance on the studies of childhood cognitive development for years to come. How to cite Child Development, Essay examples Child Development Free Essays There are many different aspects that Influence and shape human development. One major factor that Influences personal development Is the social environment. A lot of people don’t realize how many different aspects go Into shaping how a person develops while growing up. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Rule Frontbencher, there are 5 mall systems that Influence human development: the Microsystems, Microsystems, ecosystem, Microsystems and chronometers. One system that influences the person directly is the Microsystems. According to Earnest (20111 â€Å"The Microsystems is Brotherliness’s term for the immediate environment, the settings where people experience their daily lives † (p. 23). The Microsystems includes: family, school, peers, neighborhood, church group and health services. My family has one of the largest impacts on my development. When I was six years old, my parents got a divorce. Even though I was only six, it profoundly affected me, even to this day. While growing up, it took an emotional toll on me, from not being able to celebrate holidays together, to switching from house to house on the weekends. My dad moved on very fast and married when I was 8 years old; to this day I resent my stepmother for that very reason, therefore, becoming much closer to my mother. My mom Is a very Independent person and has never relied on a guy for anything. I look up to her for everything, and since she is my role model, I am now a very independent person by not relying on other people, being able to get stuff done on my own and being strong in difficult situations. The peers I grew up with also had a vast impact on my life and decisions. When I was in elementary school, some of the boys would make fun of my SSE by sticking pencils at the end of their nose and saying it looked like mine. I would cry myself to sleep and started to hate my nose. When I was in Junior high, I still got negative comments regarding my nose. I became embarrassed to meet new people, thinking they would Judge me and think I was ugly so I didn’t go out as much. Just last year, I got a royalists procedure done to reduce the size of my nose. If I had never gotten correlated for the nose I was given, I don’t think I would have gotten the procedure done. Another system In Frontbenchers ecological theory Is the crossest. Unlike the Microsystems, the Microsystems influences the person indirectly. According to Earnest (2011 â€Å"The Microsystems is the broad system of cultural beliefs and values, and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values† (p. 23). The Microsystems is the largest system and includes: the government, cultural values, customs, religion, and the economy. One aspect of the Microsystems, which influenced my development significantly, was the socio-economic status of my family. I was raised by two parents who each went to allege and got a bachelors degree. My mother completed her associates degree, had her first child and then went to night school to complete her bachelor’s degree. That showed me how crucial getting an education was. The socio-economic status of my family Instilled In me a great respect for education, which Is why I am striving to get a masters degree In psychology. After my mother achieved her bachelor’s degree, she advanced in her job to become a human resources manager earning over grow up, therefore, leading me to pursue the field of psychology. The culture of the Unites States has an enormous impact on me as I grew up. Ever since I was a young girl, the United States has given me a strong exposure to the value of independence. Personal freedom, independence, and responsibility are what our society strives for in individuals. Since that was instilled in me as a child, growing up, I always took the initiative to try and figure out answers before asking someone, getting all of my work done promptly and on time, and leading a life deciding on what my future was going to be. Kids are constantly asked what they want to be when they grow up; that shows he value of independence and how anyone can choose what life they want to live. It is then up to the child, to obtain that goal by having responsibilities and going for what they believe in. Since children are raised to have responsibilities, if a 6th grader came home with a poor report card, actions would be taken place. My family would set up tutoring in the subject they are struggling in, since academics are so important for succeeding in life. If the 6th graders academics never improved, he might flunk out of school, therefore, not being able to get a degree. If he never got a degree he would not get a well paying Job, therefore, not being able to support himself/family. Since culture has such a big impact on development, depending on where one lives, there would be traditions and practices around the birth of a baby. If I were to have a child, my family would throw me a baby shower and give me gifts to help me raise the baby. On the day I go into labor, my family would also come to the hospital to help support me and be there to witness the birth of my baby. I would have my husband and mother in the room to support me and share the experience with me. How to cite Child Development, Papers Child Development Free Essays string(48) " bad they would feel if someone took their toy\." Child development is the process of how your child is able to do complex things as he gets older. Development involves learning skills such as tying shoes, skipping, kicking a ball and walking. Children develop their skills in five main areas: * Physical Development * Intellectual/Cognitive Development * Language Development * Emotional Development * Social Development Physical Development Physical development is the way in which children’s bodies increase in skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The acquisition of skills such as sitting, throwing and running, picking up objects and feeding describes the physical development of your child. Developmental norms are patterns of growth that a child is expected to follow when growing. (Bruce T. Meggitt, C 2004) Physical development is grouped in two main areas: Gross Motor Skill are his/her ability to use their large muscles, Gross Motor Skills starts with head control and works down their body such as learning to sit, crawl, pull up and walk. They use their large muscles to acquire these skills. Fine Motor Skills are his/her ability to use their small muscles. During the first year of your child’s life, he/she will start to practice handling and manipulating small objects. This develops their ability to use their small muscles, specifically their hands and fingers to pick up and hold objects such as pencil and spoon. (Bruce T. Meggitt, C 2004) Intellectual/cognitive development Cognitive development is the way in which your child manages their thinking, and talent to create sense of the world and what is occurring around them. When your child is able to deal with difficulties, telling about it in advance are examples of skills associated with cognitive child development. (Robinson, M et al, 1998) Language development: Children’s language develops through using visual and sound stimuli, especially in the acquisition of language, also in the exchange of thoughts and feelings. There are two identifiable stages; the first stage of development in the process of children learning to use language is the pre-linguistic stage. Babies use this stage to learn how to communicate with others. During the first stage of life, babies rapidly learn how to communicate with their carers, so that by the age of 12 months, most babies understand what is being said to them and are starting to communicate their needs by pointing or by showing their carer objects. Then there is the Linguistic Stage – 15 Months to 8 Years, Children starts to use words around twelve months and by fifteen months they have developed their own word for an object or person and use it consistently. They then go on to use holophrases – using a single word to express several meanings by changing the sound and using gestures. As they grow children gradually put two words together to form a mini-sentence if your child is exposed to a rich language environment, this will be reflected in his speech development. (Robinson, M et al, 1998) Emotional development: Emotional development is the growth of a child’s ability to feel and express an increasing range of emotions appropriately. Children’s emotional capabilities expand, allowing them to develop a variety of skills that they will need in their adult lives. Emotional development encompasses the feelings that we have about ourselves and others, as well as our capabilities to function well in the world from a social standpoint. (Robinson, M et al, 1998) Social development: Social development is the growth of a child’s ability to relate to others and become independent. As they develop and perceive their own individuality within their community, they also gain skills to communicate with other people and process their actions. Social development most often refers to how a child develops friendships and other relationships, also how well a child handles conflict with peers. (Bruce T. Meggitt, C 2004) This is not fixed or written in stone it is simply a guide to child development, It is dangerous to assume that children are abnormal if they do not all progress in exactly the same manner. Variations will always exist, since each child is an individual developing in their own unique way. (Bruce T. Meggitt, C 2004) The significance of social and emotional development is seen in every area of a child’s life. A child will have a strong foundation for later development if he/she can manage personal feelings, understand others’ feelings and needs, and interact positively with others. Differences in social and emotional development result from a child’s inborn temperament, cultural influences, disabilities, behaviours modelled by adults, the level of security felt in a child’s relationships with adults, and the opportunities provided for social interaction. (raisingchildren. net. u/preschoolers/preschoolers, 2006) Social and emotional development for a four year old: Your four-year-old should be able to learn lots about the world and how it works, about people and relationships, makes friends (often short-term) and plays group games. They are now more likely to, share toys, taking turns with assistance and initiate or join in play with other children and make up games. (/raisingchildren. net. au/preschoolers/preschoolers, 2006) At this age, children are more aware of themselves as individuals. They should show some understanding of moral reasoning (exploring ideas about fairness and good or bad behaviour). Children become more interested in relationships with other children and start to compare themselves with others. Children should start to develop friendships, express more awareness of other people’s feelings, show interest in exploring sex differences and most children enjoy imaginative play with other children, like dress up or house, they bring dramatic play closer to reality by paying attention to detail, time, and space. (raisingchildren. net. au/preschoolers/preschoolers, 2006) Children know a bit more about the idea of sharing. But they might not be keen to put the idea of sharing into action, it would be great if children always played nicely together and never had fights over toys or over whose turn it is to lick the bowl after the cake has been baked. If a child is not sharing you can encourage them to share with other children, by reminding them how bad they would feel if someone took their toy. You read "Child Development" in category "Essay examples" Talking to children about other children’s feelings, helps build their sense of empathy. Children need structures and routines to feel safe, and  when their behaviour is ‘over the top’, they need you to set limits and bring them back to earth without making them feel bad. Raising children. net. au/preschoolers/preschoolers, 2006). Factors affecting child development There are various factors that may impact upon the development of the child, learning difficulties such as Autism, ADD/ ADHD disorder are a condition where children have difficulty concentrating and paying attention and may cause slowness in development in many areas. Children with learning difficulties or special needs will require additional help such as extra support at school/home, to resolve development problem and may or may not catch up. These children may even go through a process called statementing before they receive help. Some children with learning problems do not get statemented as the parents may not want to admit that their child has a problem as they feel ashamed. Children with special needs can benefit greatly if attending a mainstream school that has the resources and funding to help them. (Browne. K. 2008. P. 360) Factors such as extreme poverty and emotional stress can have a devastating effect on children’s development. Poverty can have a profound effect on a child’s development; children who come from poor backgrounds will lack resources, live in over-crowded houses with lack of study space. Their poor diet and ill health can lead to tiredness, absences and missed lessons. Low income or unemployment may mean lack of educational resources or a home computer is not available. This could affect the child’s educational progress. It could also mean the hidden costs of education such as calculators, sports equipment, and school trips are out of reach of many poorer families. Although many government places are available many low income families in lesser paid jobs cannot afford to send their children to pre-school or nursery. Such starts to education are proven to aid a child’s development and can help with social skills. It can be argued that Material Deprivation also affects the working class. (Browne. K. 2008. P. 360) It can also be argued that although children lack educational resources at home such as computers and calculators they can still achieve developmental levels as many school are well equipped with these materials, also many schools now have breakfast/afterschool clubs and do lots of extra curriculum studies to help children. It can be said children will only benefit from these clubs and extra studies if parent are willing to encourage children to attend them. Many things can cause emotional trauma in children such as death, illness, unstable home life, abuse, neglect, bullying and accidents. Children suffering from emotional trauma can exhibit displays of aggression, withdrawal, show signs of anxiety and have complaints of aches, pains and tiredness. Emotional trauma can leave children feeling frightened and even ashamed or guilty. All these signs and symptoms can cause developmental problems and impact upon their emotional ability which is important to a Childs personal and social growth, a child suffering from trauma may also revert to bed wetting or baby talk. Children who are affected by extreme trauma can benefit greatly with the help of the Schools mentors/councilors who are trained to deal with traumatized children, a teacher with a heightened sense of awareness maybe able to pick up on any problems. (Marcus, M. Ducklin, A 1998) An inside school factor that can cause developmental progress is labeling, teachers’ judge and label pupils based on a number of different factors such as social class, gender, race, and behaviour rather than on ability and intelligence. Pupils who have reputations and labels because of their behaviour and attitudes are unlikely to be innocent victims; they may have been in trouble before. It can be argued that it is often the case pupils will contest their label and work doubly hard to prove that they can do what they are told they cannot, therefore rendering the label useless, (McNeill, Blundell et al, 2003 Methods to manage behaviour In the classroom environment a teacher who is applying a behaviourist view would typically stand at the front of the class and direct how the lesson takes place and how the class responds to the stimulus provided. It can be argued that the behaviourist approach does not allow for individuality or for spontaneity, it ignores people’s ability to have complex thought processes. It could be argued that the reward giver would need to know the learner to know what the correct reinforcement would be to ensure effective reinforcement. A negative factor would be too much adult involvement. (McNeill, Blundell et al, 2003) A positive classroom environment is one where the teacher adopts the cognitive style of learning. The teacher allows more class involvement and often sits amongst the class rather than standing at the front. The lessons would have a more adaptable framework which allows students to be more independent, the student would be able to set their own targets /goals thus creating independent learning and thinking. The lessons would include role play, presentation discussions, group work, research and working in pairs. The teacher would empower her students to self learn so rather than being a role model would become a facilitator. McNeill, Blundell et al, 2003) Other methods of managing behaviour are rewards and sanctions, teacher can rewards children for good behaviour or finishing their work with verbal praise, stars, certificates or table points. Teachers may also give children sanction such as a time out or losing five minutes of playtime. When dishing out sanctions/reward the teacher must be consistent and they have to be relevant and meaningful to the child, it could be argued tha t to ensure the effectiveness of reinforcers the teacher would need to know the learner. Word Count 1998 Bibliography BROWNE, K. (2008). Sociology. 3rd Ed, Cambridge: polity press. BRUCE, T, MEGGITT, C (2006) Childcare and Education, 3rd Ed, London: Hodder ; Stoughton. MARCUS, M, DUCKLIN, A. (1998) Success in Sociology London John Murray MCNEILL, P. BLUNDELL, J. GRIFFITHS, J. (2003). Sociology. The complete companion. 3rd Ed, Cheltenham: Nelson Thorne. ROBINSON, M. BEITH, K. PULLIN, L. (1998) Early Years Care and Education, 2nd Ed, Oxford: Heinemann. www. childdevelopmentinfo. com/ – updated 26th June 2007-accessed 5th June 2010 http://raisingchildren. net. au/preschoolers/preschoolers. html | How to cite Child Development, Essay examples Child Development Free Essays string(48) " bad they would feel if someone took their toy\." Child development is the process of how your child is able to do complex things as he gets older. Development involves learning skills such as tying shoes, skipping, kicking a ball and walking. Children develop their skills in five main areas: * Physical Development * Intellectual/Cognitive Development * Language Development * Emotional Development * Social Development Physical Development Physical development is the way in which children’s bodies increase in skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The acquisition of skills such as sitting, throwing and running, picking up objects and feeding describes the physical development of your child. Developmental norms are patterns of growth that a child is expected to follow when growing. (Bruce T. Meggitt, C 2004) Physical development is grouped in two main areas: Gross Motor Skill are his/her ability to use their large muscles, Gross Motor Skills starts with head control and works down their body such as learning to sit, crawl, pull up and walk. They use their large muscles to acquire these skills. Fine Motor Skills are his/her ability to use their small muscles. During the first year of your child’s life, he/she will start to practice handling and manipulating small objects. This develops their ability to use their small muscles, specifically their hands and fingers to pick up and hold objects such as pencil and spoon. (Bruce T. Meggitt, C 2004) Intellectual/cognitive development Cognitive development is the way in which your child manages their thinking, and talent to create sense of the world and what is occurring around them. When your child is able to deal with difficulties, telling about it in advance are examples of skills associated with cognitive child development. (Robinson, M et al, 1998) Language development: Children’s language develops through using visual and sound stimuli, especially in the acquisition of language, also in the exchange of thoughts and feelings. There are two identifiable stages; the first stage of development in the process of children learning to use language is the pre-linguistic stage. Babies use this stage to learn how to communicate with others. During the first stage of life, babies rapidly learn how to communicate with their carers, so that by the age of 12 months, most babies understand what is being said to them and are starting to communicate their needs by pointing or by showing their carer objects. Then there is the Linguistic Stage – 15 Months to 8 Years, Children starts to use words around twelve months and by fifteen months they have developed their own word for an object or person and use it consistently. They then go on to use holophrases – using a single word to express several meanings by changing the sound and using gestures. As they grow children gradually put two words together to form a mini-sentence if your child is exposed to a rich language environment, this will be reflected in his speech development. (Robinson, M et al, 1998) Emotional development: Emotional development is the growth of a child’s ability to feel and express an increasing range of emotions appropriately. Children’s emotional capabilities expand, allowing them to develop a variety of skills that they will need in their adult lives. Emotional development encompasses the feelings that we have about ourselves and others, as well as our capabilities to function well in the world from a social standpoint. (Robinson, M et al, 1998) Social development: Social development is the growth of a child’s ability to relate to others and become independent. As they develop and perceive their own individuality within their community, they also gain skills to communicate with other people and process their actions. Social development most often refers to how a child develops friendships and other relationships, also how well a child handles conflict with peers. (Bruce T. Meggitt, C 2004) This is not fixed or written in stone it is simply a guide to child development, It is dangerous to assume that children are abnormal if they do not all progress in exactly the same manner. Variations will always exist, since each child is an individual developing in their own unique way. (Bruce T. Meggitt, C 2004) The significance of social and emotional development is seen in every area of a child’s life. A child will have a strong foundation for later development if he/she can manage personal feelings, understand others’ feelings and needs, and interact positively with others. Differences in social and emotional development result from a child’s inborn temperament, cultural influences, disabilities, behaviours modelled by adults, the level of security felt in a child’s relationships with adults, and the opportunities provided for social interaction. (raisingchildren. net. u/preschoolers/preschoolers, 2006) Social and emotional development for a four year old: Your four-year-old should be able to learn lots about the world and how it works, about people and relationships, makes friends (often short-term) and plays group games. They are now more likely to, share toys, taking turns with assistance and initiate or join in play with other children and make up games. (/raisingchildren. net. au/preschoolers/preschoolers, 2006) At this age, children are more aware of themselves as individuals. They should show some understanding of moral reasoning (exploring ideas about fairness and good or bad behaviour). Children become more interested in relationships with other children and start to compare themselves with others. Children should start to develop friendships, express more awareness of other people’s feelings, show interest in exploring sex differences and most children enjoy imaginative play with other children, like dress up or house, they bring dramatic play closer to reality by paying attention to detail, time, and space. (raisingchildren. net. au/preschoolers/preschoolers, 2006) Children know a bit more about the idea of sharing. But they might not be keen to put the idea of sharing into action, it would be great if children always played nicely together and never had fights over toys or over whose turn it is to lick the bowl after the cake has been baked. If a child is not sharing you can encourage them to share with other children, by reminding them how bad they would feel if someone took their toy. You read "Child Development" in category "Papers" Talking to children about other children’s feelings, helps build their sense of empathy. Children need structures and routines to feel safe, and  when their behaviour is ‘over the top’, they need you to set limits and bring them back to earth without making them feel bad. Raising children. net. au/preschoolers/preschoolers, 2006). Factors affecting child development There are various factors that may impact upon the development of the child, learning difficulties such as Autism, ADD/ ADHD disorder are a condition where children have difficul ty concentrating and paying attention and may cause slowness in development in many areas. Children with learning difficulties or special needs will require additional help such as extra support at school/home, to resolve development problem and may or may not catch up. These children may even go through a process called statementing before they receive help. Some children with learning problems do not get statemented as the parents may not want to admit that their child has a problem as they feel ashamed. Children with special needs can benefit greatly if attending a mainstream school that has the resources and funding to help them. (Browne. K. 2008. P. 360) Factors such as extreme poverty and emotional stress can have a devastating effect on children’s development. Poverty can have a profound effect on a child’s development; children who come from poor backgrounds will lack resources, live in over-crowded houses with lack of study space. Their poor diet and ill health can lead to tiredness, absences and missed lessons. Low income or unemployment may mean lack of educational resources or a home computer is not available. This could affect the child’s educational progress. It could also mean the hidden costs of education such as calculators, sports equipment, and school trips are out of reach of many poorer families. Although many government places are available many low income families in lesser paid jobs cannot afford to send their children to pre-school or nursery. Such starts to education are proven to aid a child’s development and can help with social skills. It can be argued that Material Deprivation also affects the working class. (Browne. K. 2008. P. 360) It can also be argued that although children lack educational resources at home such as computers and calculators they can still achieve developmental levels as many school are well equipped with these materials, also many schools now have breakfast/afterschool clubs and do lots of extra curriculum studies to help children. It can be said children will only benefit from these clubs and extra studies if parent are willing to encourage children to attend them. Many things can cause emotional trauma in children such as death, illness, unstable home life, abuse, neglect, bullying and accidents. Children suffering from emotional trauma can exhibit displays of aggression, withdrawal, show signs of anxiety and have complaints of aches, pains and tiredness. Emotional trauma can leave children feeling frightened and even ashamed or guilty. All these signs and symptoms can cause developmental problems and impact upon their emotional ability which is important to a Childs personal and social growth, a child suffering from trauma may also revert to bed wetting or baby talk. Children who are affected by extreme trauma can benefit greatly with the help of the Schools mentors/councilors who are trained to deal with traumatized children, a teacher with a heightened sense of awareness maybe able to pick up on any problems. (Marcus, M. Ducklin, A 1998) An inside school factor that can cause developmental progress is labeling, teachers’ judge and label pupils based on a number of different factors such as social class, gender, race, and behaviour rather than on ability and intelligence. Pupils who have reputations and labels because of their behaviour and attitudes are unlikely to be innocent victims; they may have been in trouble before. It can be argued that it is often the case pupils will contest their label and work doubly hard to prove that they can do what they are told they cannot, therefore rendering the label useless, (McNeill, Blundell et al, 2003 Methods to manage behaviour In the classroom environment a teacher who is applying a behaviourist view would typically stand at the front of the class and direct how the lesson takes place and how the class responds to the stimulus provided. It can be argued that the behaviourist approach does not allow for individuality or for spontaneity, it ignores people’s ability to have complex thought processes. It could be argued that the reward giver would need to know the learner to know what the correct reinforcement would be to ensure effective reinforcement. A negative factor would be too much adult involvement. (McNeill, Blundell et al, 2003) A positive classroom environment is one where the teacher adopts the cognitive style of learning. The teacher allows more class involvement and often sits amongst the class rather than standing at the front. The lessons would have a more adaptable framework which allows students to be more independent, the student would be able to set their own targets /goals thus creating independent learning and thinking. The lessons would include role play, presentation discussions, group work, research and working in pairs. The teacher would empower her students to self learn so rather than being a role model would become a facilitator. McNeill, Blundell et al, 2003) Other methods of managing behaviour are rewards and sanctions, teacher can rewards children for good behaviour or finishing their work with verbal praise, stars, certificates or table points. Teachers may also give children sanction such as a time out or losing five minutes of playtime. When dishing out sanctions/reward the teacher must be consistent and they have to be relevant and meaningful to the child, it could be argued tha t to ensure the effectiveness of reinforcers the teacher would need to know the learner. Word Count 1998 Bibliography BROWNE, K. (2008). Sociology. 3rd Ed, Cambridge: polity press. BRUCE, T, MEGGITT, C (2006) Childcare and Education, 3rd Ed, London: Hodder ; Stoughton. MARCUS, M, DUCKLIN, A. (1998) Success in Sociology London John Murray MCNEILL, P. BLUNDELL, J. GRIFFITHS, J. (2003). Sociology. The complete companion. 3rd Ed, Cheltenham: Nelson Thorne. ROBINSON, M. BEITH, K. PULLIN, L. (1998) Early Years Care and Education, 2nd Ed, Oxford: Heinemann. www. childdevelopmentinfo. com/ – updated 26th June 2007-accessed 5th June 2010 http://raisingchildren. net. au/preschoolers/preschoolers. html | How to cite Child Development, Papers