Role of the Individual in Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience, Essay

Role of the Individual in Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience, and Thomas Paine's Common Sense - Essay Example A free society is hard to achieve because of the competing demands of the individual and that of the state, where individual rights and collective rights often come into conflict. This paper tries to explore two views on the role of the individual in both society and politics. Discussion Man is by nature a social animal and therefore it is but inevitable that some forms of organization exist in any society, even in primitive society. No man can live alone by himself, and when this happens, some compromise has to be found between an individual's rights and that of the society to which he belongs. The usual cause of friction or conflicts in such kind of arrangement is determining the limits of the rights of an individual and that of society. This is an implicit agreement between individuals and society, the very essence of the social contract. This is a philosophical construct wherein free individuals agree to give up their natural rights in favor of being governed by a social or polit ical system for their own common protection or overall welfare, to live harmoniously with others and pursue their goals in life in peace. Along this line, the essay by Thomas Paine entitled â€Å"Common Sense† makes a lot of sense in terms of imposing order because Man finds it easier to live together than be apart but as the population increases and society grows larger and larger, the people find it necessary to craft some regulations to govern themselves and later on pass new laws to be enforced. This is the point where a formal government structure becomes a necessity and also the point where it becomes a dangerous instrument when the powers of government fall into the wrong hands. In retrospect, all present societies have this rather curious mix of government and society but in some instances, there is a disconnect between the goals and aims between these two. Taking into account the period of history when â€Å"Common Sense† was written, it is a seminal piece of political thought because it argued forcefully for independence from Great Britain at the time when the English government was viewed as extremely oppressive by the American colonies. There were many who were yet undecided on the proper course of action to take, and some thought fighting for independence was a bit extreme to redress matters. The political essay by Thomas Paine convinced those who doubted to change their minds about it, and go for broke by severing ties with the mother country. The colonial government run by the British in America no longer served its original purpose but became instead an instrument for oppression and exploitation, a government run by men and not by laws. It was not in a true sense a representative government but rather one run by a monarchy and aristocracy. The way things were before the American Revolution was a political situation where the social contract had been a failure, either by design or by default. The people clamor for the right to be h eard and represented in government. They gave up their natural rights expecting something in return from their government but got shortchanged instead. This contradicts the theory of natural rights to life, liberty and property by philosopher John Locke (Parry 12). Thomas Paine influenced public opinion that the people should re-assert their rights, and the best course of

Money supply in the United States Essay Example for Free

Money supply in the United States Essay Money supply in the United States, and indeed any other economy using a central banking reserve system, is controlled and managed by a limited number of private banks working together for their own benefit instead of the benefit of the nation. As Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States allegedly once said, â€Å"I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around [the banks] will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered. The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs (Quotations Page). Money supply in the United Stated is expanded in line with a fractional reserve policy. This policy whereby the banks retain a fraction of their total deposits, and are then able to lend the rest means there will always be a constantly expanding money supply, and this will always be a multiple larger than the actual amount of base money that is made by the Federal Reserve. This multiple is known as the money multiplier and is calculated by the Federal Reserve based around its reserve requirement and other fiscal regulations. The importance of financial intermediation cannot be understated, as this is required in order to manage the banking and monetary system and to try and avoid banking panics, to serve as the central bank for the government, and to manage the nations’ supply of money through economic policies which try to maximize employment, minimize taxation, and produce positive gross domestic product. The significance of banker’s taste for excess reserves on the Fed’s ability to expand the money supply shows that the fractional reserve system is not perfect and that to gain maximum control over the money multiplier and the supply of money, reserves are needed to manipulate fiscal information to the banker’s benefit. These assets are counted as reserves due to the fact that they are not necessary for the bank to hold these reserves as collateral against its lending, hence they are considered excess. The banks could use these reserves to aggressively increase loans or investments if they so wish. This is a key factor to consider here, that the banker’s taste limit the power of the Fed, as they may be able to undermine the central banking system of the United States by manipulating the money supply.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Quotations Page. 13 May 2010 http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/37700.html.

Sport Management Business

Sport Management Business Sport management is a young field that is built on a foundation of business and other professional fields. The discourse of sport management is the same vocabulary as other professional fields. Its history is not very extensive, and the curriculum is still very young. Although the field is young, there are great resources available to advance the curriculum. The ability to manage a staff and effectively communicate to the staff is crucial to the success of a sport administrator. And while APA is the citing resource for sport management, MLA is one of the other citing resources that are very common in professional and educational settings. Overall, sport management is an emerging field that will flourish in the future. Discourse of Sport and Recreation Management When engaged in conversation with another human being, it is important to listen and follow along with the conversation. It is also keen to speak with proper tone and the appropriate language of the topic discussed. Language of a discussion is referred to as discourse. Copley said it best when describing discourse: â€Å"Imagine someone new to sports initiating a conversation with long-time sports fans: ‘So what do you think the Raiders will wear in their next game? (Copley, 2006)† This is better than any definition that a dictionary could ever provide simply because her discourse is easily understood by the readers of the document. Sports management is one of the highest requested majors for incoming freshman in the United States (Mahoney, 2008). While the degree is one of the highest requested majors, it is also one of the most understaffed and underappreciated by universities around the nation (Mahoney, 2008). The discourse, or discourses for sports management are ver y broad and are interdisciplinary with other fields of study. These fields include law, business, physical education, communications, and psychology. Throughout the paper, these fields of study will be discussed in correlation with sports management; along with their purpose in academia. The first and most important topic of discussion in sports management is business. Business is a strong cornerstone in sports management, as the word management is quite often associated with training and facilitating in business. The business aspects of sports management consist of marketing, and management, with specific focus on individuals, teams, facilities, and organizations. To start off, there are the two main ways to market sports: First is marketing a product through a sport, and secondly marketing of a sport. Marketing through a sport tends to bring companies a higher revenue then regular advertisements (Gladden Sutton, 2005). A good example of marketing through sport is Budwesier. They like to market during the football season with beer drinkers (usually young men) playing or enjoying a football game with a fictitious background story, that subsequently features beautiful women, glamorizing drinking, to market the product (Gladden Sutton, 2005). The best example for mar keting of a sport is a television commercial for Monday night football, or Sunday night baseball on ESPN. The network is trying to get people to watch the game, so they in-turn advertise and if the viewer watches the game they have successfully marketed. Generally though, business is all about profits and losses. The numbers dont lie and they can tell whether a business is doing well or if it is not. Therefore, the unofficial language or discourse of business is accounting (Warren, Reeve Duchac, 2007). Accounting is the backbone of business because again, the numbers dont lie. If a business is failing, a balance sheet can tell you why. And from there, a business can make a decision to raise their numbers by making cuts or taking out loans and collecting interest payments from stockholders. Accounting has a language of its own, similar to economics. But a good business man and woman should have a firm, and comprehensive knowledge of accounting to understand the language and concepts of business (Warren, Reeve Duchac, 2007). The second comprehensive field in sports management is law. Law is most commonly associated with the rights and wrongs in our American government. However, it also deals with contracts, property, negligence, statutes, and upholds regulations by other companies (Cotten Wolohan, 2007). The most well known practice of sport law comes in the form of contract negotiations by agents and sports teams. Throughout most of the United States, it is required for sports agents to hold a law degree so that they have a complete grasp of how contract negotiations are supposed to work and ensures they follow all the proper channels that it must go through to become an official contract (Cotten Wolohan, 2007). It is very important in law, to understand what every sentence or article says because one word can change the complete meaning of a very closely worded law. Therefore, an extensive knowledge of the American language, and numerous legal terms is required to be involved in such practice. Extens ive knowledge of the American Constitution is needed for a career in law as well. The Constitution is the first form of precedence in the United States (Cotten Wolohan, 2007). If a law can be traced back to the constitution, it is a powerful tool and a great advantage to have over your legal opponent. The third major discourse of sports management is kinesiology, better known as physical education. It is a good thing to know how the human body works and what makes it function properly. It is also good know how it reacts under stress, and how it works at rest. Sports management and kinesiology are at first often confused for the same thing; when in fact, they two completely different fields. Practical use of kinesiologic discourse is mainly used marketing and in media relations. In marketing, a company might say â€Å"improve your vertical leap by training your fast twitch muscles.† This would be a correct statement and would directly correlate to the discourse of kinesiology as fast twitch muscle control sudden quick movements such as jumping as high as you can (Jeukendrup Gleeson, 2004). Of course, if no one knew what a fast twitch muscle was they probably would not be interested. In an instance like that, a consumer would probably be more inclined to purchase because the y recognize the scientific word used in the advertisement (Duncan, 2005). In media relations, terms of kinesiology are used less frequently and come from more of a medical standpoint for example if an athlete was injured in a game (Nichols, Moynahan, Hall, Taylor, 2002. â€Å"Brett Favre suffered a pulled hamstring yesterday in practice. Brett said ‘it was a little tender after it happened, but the doctor said it was minor enough so I could play Sunday.† Obviously, this is a general discourse statement. But, it is related to kinesiology because you need to have an understanding of where the hamstring is located on the body and what happens to the muscle when it is pulled (Jeukendrup Gleeson, 2004). Again, Kinesiology is not nearly as closely related as sports management as people believe and as shown so far, does not scratch the surface what the heart and soul of sports management really is (Mahoney, 2008). Fourth, related field of sports management is communications. Communications play an integral part in collegiate and professional athletics (Nichols et al. 2002) as most organizations have multiple staff members who market and publicize their respective university or team. These people are often referred to as Sports Information Directors. Their job duties, in most cases, are as follows: Writing press releases about or for organizational events and athletes, taking statistics of athletic events, statistical research, designing school athletic brochures, writing and publishing media guides, web publishing, and grammatical editing (Nichols et al. 2002). Sports Information Directors, like most people who work in communications for a company have certain ethical obligations like always writing positive about the university that they represent. The basic guidelines are as follows: Honesty, truthfulness, respect, compassion, fairness, accuracy, professional distance, and ethical models (Ni chols et al. 2002). At the same time, these writers need to find a way to entertain in their press releases so that fans and consumers will read their writing. Often, the directors use common slang terms that the average sport fan would understand in their writing. For example, if a press release says â€Å"Jean-Sà ©bastien Giguà ¨re played great between the pipes tonight, saving all 31 shots for the shutout,† this would easily be translated by a sports fan as â€Å"Giguà ¨re played great in front of the goal, as he stopped all of the opponents shots to win the game tonight.† The slang terms allow the reader to engage with the release; and if the reader was not at the game, they could recapture a sense of the excitement that took place during the game (Nichols et al. 2002). As most people see athletes getting in trouble off the field, naturally damage control is a current trend in professional athletics. The directors want to minimize harm to the athletes image and to the organizations reputation. When it comes time to write a press release or release a statement at a press conference about the situation, it is of the utmost importance that â€Å"hot† words or catch phrases are not included in the statement (Nichols et al. 2002). Any words that would allude to any wrong doing are never good for other reporters to hear. Like a profession in law, sports information directors need an extensive knowledge of grammar and language as their job relies heavily on writing. Finally, sports management deals in psychology. If the common nomenclature says that â€Å"playing a sport is twenty percent physical, and eighty percent mental,† then sports psychology will prove that. Life is what you perceive it to be, and the same can be applied to sport (Plotnik, 2005). If someone believes that they are performing badly, then they probably are performing badly. The discourse of the field is no different than that of a regular discussion about psychology. The main trend that seems to follow in sports psychology however, is motivation. If a person has a hard time working out, why is it that they do not want to work out? Are they self-conscious? Are they just that lazy? Or is that they are not physically able? Sports psychology applies the principals of psychology to sport, and hence psychology of sport is born (Plotnik, 2005). Sport psychology does apply its own kind twist however. As in most cases discussed in the textbook, the questions are more directed towards how you could remedy any psychological situations, as a manager or a coach would do; a standpoint towards the reader that they are always in control of their destiny. The proverbial cookie jar that is sports management is a big jar that is filled with all different varieties of â€Å"cookies† that do have a similar taste at times, but are unique in their own way. Business of course being the most popular choice or widely used discourse as all business conducted will always rely on numbers to provide the evidence. Sports law is a least popular variety that no one can escape, because someone will always need someone to talk for them to get more money or to get them out of trouble. Kinesiology is a standard choice, â€Å"the chocolate chip† of discourse as sport is in the title of sports management. However, at the end of the day, is a completely different field of study. Communications is the underground of sports management that keeps the wheels spinning and allows people that were not at the game to experience the excitement. While psychology is everything in the field: Being able to understand situations that may arise and the motiv ation to do things for the betterment of a team or individually. Instead of focusing on one specific area of discourse, it is clearly beneficial to have a broad understanding of all the discourses in sports management. It is a big broad business, and its foundations are deep. Albert Spalding to Earle Ziegler: Foundations of Sport Management Since the beginning of civilization, it has been in the nature of humans to compete with another. In ancient Greece, the citizens trained in gymnasiums or â€Å"naked places† to perfect their wrestling or boxing technique (Sweet, 1987). â€Å"Athletics were more important to the Greeks than us today† according to Sweet; like the current American society, cheating was looked down upon in ancient times. Cheating was looked at as sacrilegious; a disgrace to Zeus (Sweet, 1987). Today cheating is not looked at as a sacrilegious act to a god, but as a shameful act of cheating. Today there are entities in place that ensure all athletes have the same competitive advantage. The act of managing sport can level a playing field, negotiate a salary, relocate an athlete, advise an organization, run a facility, or teach others the topics in sport management in a college setting. The modern field of sport management is a fairly young field that is constantly adapting to the demands req uired. The curriculum of sport management also adheres to the same principles of business, but is even younger than the practice of sport management. Through history, sport and sport management has shown its progressive tendencies and ideals that were ahead of common American society at the turn of the 20th century. This leads to the five significant events and the influential minds behind the events in sport management, which will be the topic of this paper. They are certainly not all the people and events that had significant contribution, but simply the top five that are deemed worthy for this assignment. Thoroughbred Racing Since history is usually placed in chronological order, the trend continues today. Thoroughbred horse racing was a very popular sport in eighteenth century England; along with baseball, cricket, and field hockey (Masteralexis, Barr, Hums, 2005). Positions of political and social power were appointed to men with wealth; most of those positions being horse owners, track or club owners, and other various supervision roles. Each club in the given area had its own set of rules, which were created by the owner; sometimes even to work in his own favor. Complications often arose when a rider from one track would race at another as rules varied (Masteralexis, Barr, Hums, 2005). And by the 1830s with the innovation of railroads, horse owners wanted to compete nationally to increase profits, and breed with new horses to create faster horses. Naturally a new management style was needed, but this was only the first complication of two. The second was gambling. Gambling was a very popular event amongst the upper and lower classes at the track. The lower class was then able to wager bets at the track with the upper class because club/track owners did not charge admission to the event. The track was a social setting in which a diverse group of people intermingled for a common purpose; whereas a member of the upper and lower class would hardly be seen in the same place, sharing a common purpose (Masteralexis, Barr, Hums, 2005). The gambling itself took place during the race, which was a four-mile course broken up into three legs. The winner would have to win at least two out of the three races. If the fans of the race suspected the jockey of throwing a race, the jockey would often be physically abused by the fans (Masteralexis, Barr, Hums, 2005). It was not very common for unethical behavior to take place when bets were made, but they did occur and were dealt with promptly. Sometime after the 1830s, there became a standardized management sys tem in horse racing which forced club/track owners to standardized lengths of the course, forced the track to time the events, and even spawned a new style of horse racing: Thoroughbred racing with weights added to the horses (Masteralexis, Barr, Hums, 2005). In gambling, a standardized system was also adopted as club owners started handicapping the races, ran a sweepstakes race and even started to offer tip sheets to the customers at the events. These strategical changes are viewed as the first managerial changes in club sport; while also being viewed as the successful model for club sports, which ruled the eighteenth century in the forms of boxing, cricket, rugby and soccer (Masteralexis, Barr, Hums, 2005). The club sport system still exists today, although it does not thrive as it once did in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. But these clubs set a precedent that would contribute to the next innovator in the sport management profession. William Hulbert and the National League As stated in the previous section, club teams were the dominate structure for athletic teams in the nineteenth century. Baseball was no different. Most teams were around and had a small fan base, but most teams were never able to play a whole season, or keep fan interest for a whole season because of lack of funding. It was not uncommon for teams to just quit halfway through the season. The most popular team of the 1860s was the Cincinatti Red Stockings who toured the east to play teams and because of their fan base, were able to pay for travel expenses and earn a profit while playing on the road (Masteralexis, Barr, Hums, 2005). On a road trip at the end of 1870 season the Red Stocking lost the three games of the season, and because of that were no longer considered the champions of baseball. The fan base for the club fell drastically and the team disbanded before the beginning of the following season (Masteralexis, Barr, Hums, 2005). In 1871, after such hard times, remaining team s formed a union; a new league called the National Association of Professional Baseball Players. Unfortunatly, the beginning results were no different than that of their predecessors in the club system as teams would form, stop playing halfway through the season, and perhaps start operations the next season. After years of trying to gain credibility and reach stability in the league, an entrepreneur by the name of William Hulbert purchased the National League of Professional Baseball Players in 1876 and was often referred to as the National League from then on (Masteralexis, Barr, Hums, 2005). Hulbert made sure that all business aspects were in the open and not conducted behind closed doors as to ensure an honest means of doing business. He also set guidelines for the eight teams to follow: he was going to make sure that the league would not crumble because of one teams financial irresponsibility. All teams were accountable for each other, or the league would fail. Hulbert made many decisions for the league. On one occasion, Hulbert canceled the final series between Philadelphia and New York as both teams were struggling and their outcome would not have affected league standings (Crosset Hums, 2005). By doing this, he allowed the teams to shut down the operations so the team would save money for the next season and not hinder future operations. Ethics and citizenship were staple points in Hulberts National League as well, forcing teams to set curfews for the athletes and enforcing strict policies that meant banning players for life if they were gambling, for example. Hulb erts precedent still stands today, as over 100 years later, Pete Rose was banned from ever stepping foot into a baseball park because of gambling allegations. He also made sure that the fans were proper citizens as well; raising ticket prices to keep rowdier, lower-class fans out and not allowing alcohol to be sold in the ball park. However, the â€Å"revolutionary idea,† according to Crosset and Hums, was the implementation of a pennant race at the end of the season. The two top teams at the end of the season would play a series for the pennant, better known as the National League Championship. Hulbert also protected teams from losing their players, as players under contract were not allowed to negotiate or be bought out by other teams without both parties being aware of it. The â€Å"players reservation† system was a precedent in sport management, and is still a foundation in modern sport management. After some success with the league, local newspapers started to cov er the games; giving updates on injuries, interviewing players, keeping track of statistics and reporting other coaching strategies to keep the fans interested. This also opened a new element for sports as fans who could not afford to attend games and only followed by word of mouth. The media coverage allowed fans to follow keep track of the games played and re-enact the game through the written stories. The precedents set by Hulbert were truly astronomical; building foundations that still stand in baseball today. His demands for class and integrity are considered sacred to the game of baseball and were followed for years; which is why steroids have been such a paramount concern in baseball for the past couple of years. For his actions he was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1995 as a pioneer of the game. Albert Spalding While William Hulbert was a great innovator himself, accomplishing many feats, he was not alone in the formation of the new National League. Albert Spalding was a pitcher for the Boston Red Stockings, who subsequently were members of the National League of Professional Baseball Players. Spalding was a major celebrity of the game, winning 241 games, and losing only 60 between 1871 and 1876 (Lampster, 2006). An innovator himself, Spalding pitched with his own signature designed baseball. After leading the Red Stockings to the first National League Championship in 1876, he decided to create his own company named simply after himself. That same year, Spalding was the official baseball of the National League, and baseballs were sold to the general public; therefore, becoming the first sporting good company in America (Lampster, 2006). The year 1877 proved to be Spaldings last season as a professional ballplayer. He then focused solely on managing his company and the Chicago White Stocking s as their team president. After managing, he became an international promoter of baseball, spreading the game around the world in 1888. In 1887, he created and manufactured the first American football. And in 1894, he created the first basketball. Spalding was a true innovator and strived to set precedent like Hulbert. Spalding and Hulbert fed off of each others innovations and cleverly marketed each other through each others company (Lampert, 2006). Sport Management as an Academic Field Almost 100 years has passed since the wrinkle in time that was the beginning of professional baseball. The time was the 1960s, Major League Baseball was a prevalent organization, Albert Spalding had already been inducted into the baseball hall of fame, and the â€Å"sports industry was thriving† (Crosset Hums, 2005). According to Crosset and Hums, two men discussed the idea of a sport management curriculum in 1957; a physical educator from the University of Miami, James G. Mason, and owner of the then Brooklyn Dodgers, George OMalley. OMalley is most recognized as the chief legal counsel for Jacky Robinson when he broke the color barrier in 1947 and for moving the Brooklyn Dodgers to Los Angeles. Mason and OMalley decided that in order to keep up with the demand in the sports industry, a professional degree needed to be created to accommodate this need. In 1966, OMalley and Mason started the first Sport Management graduate program at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. The idea of a sport management degree caught on soon thereafter as Biscayne College and St. Johns University founded the first undergraduate programs in the United States (Crosset Hums, 2005). The University of Massachusetts-Amherst followed in Ohios footsteps, offering the second graduate program in the U.S. in 1971. As the field grew, unions of teachers started to form; most of which were short lived. Todays dominant sport management scholarly union is the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM). Sport Management is one of the most highly sought after degrees by incoming freshman at the University of Louisville (Mahoney, 2008). With massive growth however, teachers are in high demand and there are not enough people to teach the high volume of students and conduct new research to progress the field in a brand new direction. The next paragraph focuses on a man who changed the field of sport management forever. This dual citizen of the U.S. and Canada implemented his own curricul um; his name is Dr. Earle F. Ziegler. Dr. Z. According to the official Earle F. Ziegler website, Ziegler got his start in education at Yale University where he taught physical education and coached football and wrestling from 1943 to 1949. He began working for the University of Western Ontario in 1949 as a part-time German instructor. Shortly thereafter, he became the department head for Physical, Health, Recreation for the university. At the University of Michigan, Ziegler began his research for physical education and how to manage it effectively. He then conducted research at the University of Illinois, and then went back to the University of Western Ontario. After years of solely researching in the field of physical education, Ziegler intertwined physical education with other topics such as philosophy and administrative theory. In 1975, the year Ziegler returned to Western Ontario, he released six publications on various topics branching physical education out. An acquired copy of â€Å"Management Competency Development in Sport and Physical Education† written by Dr. Ziegler in 1983 is an interesting read. Ziegler explains throughout the opening chapter the different types and amounts of research he did to write his book. He opened the book with four chapters about management theories and the emerging field of study. He then presented a strategic plan on how to implement management into sport. It is hard to comprehend that this had never been done before. Dr. Ziegler was in the field conducting research on different topics and drawing parallels between the two. There were degree programs before this at universities around the country, but Ziegler created an entirely new school of thought with the publications that he wrote; inspiring young professionals to think proactively and engage themselves in theory. Most of the topics discussed today in sport management courses are based off of his research and those who followed in his footsteps. Ideals that a person would just take for granted now were accomplished for the first time 25 years ago by an old man from New York City. Ziegler, in fact, was the first president of NASSM, and because of his contributions to the field was honored with an award in his name in 1988. This award is given out annually to the educator in the sport management field making positive contributions in research and education sport management. Conclusion As clearly shown throughout the paper, the field of sport management shares a rich history like other fields of academia, even at its young existence. The models of conformity in club horse racing would open the door for the brand new league system created by William Hulbert. And without the newly renovated National League, Spalding would not have marketed his new product, as well with Hulbert. As the field slowly grew and innovation lay dormant for sometime, that opened the door for OMalley and Mason to create a brand new field of study to feed their vision of enhancing the field of sport management. And finally without Earle Ziegler, sport management would not be flourishing the way it is today without his teachings and theories. Again, he opened a new doorway for students to walk through. Teaching his knowledge and inspiring students then, who are the administrators of today. The interesting thing throughout the paper is the progressiveness of society through sporting events in hi story: The intermingling of upper and lower classes at horse tracks, the introduction of baseball throughout the world, and OMalley breaking down the color barrier by signing Jacky Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers. Although there may have been some differences between some, athletics has set a standard for breaking down sociological barriers between class and color. These are the five significant events and the influential minds behind the events in sport management; they are certainly not all the people and events that had significant contribution for todays sport management, but simply the catalysts for change and progression. Resources for Sport Management Socrates once stated â€Å"No one person knows everything, but everyone knows something.† Socrates was implying that by engaging in discussion with people from all walks of life, one can learn something new from a person. People were the main resource for Socrates in Ancient Greece as he did not have scholarly journals, or the Internet to work with. It is stated that today is an information age. Information and knowledge are only a click away on the Internet. Wikipedia is a source of information on the Internet, as it is an online encyclopedia. However, true scholars maintain that â€Å"It is not a credible source† because anyone can go online and edit the information that is written. That is why it is important to get information from professionals in the field of study in which a person is researching. Sometimes it takes a person to create their own field of study from other related fields to create a new school of thought. Earle Ziegler was the author of many books t hroughout 1970s and 1980s that created the current field of sport management, using concepts of business, physical education and other social sciences. Through Zieglers contributions, sport management has found its place in academia across the United States on college campuses. The scholarly journals in sport management feature some of the top minds in the field. A few of these journals will be discussed in this paper; along with their contributions to the field of sport management. These journals will be referred to as â€Å"fruits,† as they nourish thought and sustain a desire to learn more about sport management. In turn, the seeds are spread, and more fruit is grown creating more fruit and expanding sport management even further. Journal of Sport Management According to the Journal of Sport Management website, the journal was initiated as a biannual publication in 1987 by the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) and is seen as the organization that progresses the sport management field hosting annual conferences to discuss the topics of sport management, and commending the members on some of the work they did the past year. It is currently edited by Lucie Thibault of Brock University. The journal remained bi-annual until 1992 when it was then released three times a year. In 1996, the Journal of Sport Management became a quarterly journal and it continues that trend today. The journal itself features articles in many different topics: A few of which include management, economics, accounting, governance, tourism and communications. The articles also vary in sport and in level of play; covering issues in high school athletics, all the way to professional sport. Here at the University of Minnesota, Crookston when searching fo r articles on current topics related to sport management, it is very common to find most of the articles that are listed in the search results are from the Journal of Sport Management. In a personal communication with Dave Rolling, head of Sport and Recreation Management at the University of Minnesota, Crookston on March 10, 2008, â€Å"the Journal of Sport Management is the one of the best journals one could use to find topics in sport management.† Journal of Sport Economics The Journal of Sport Economics is a quarterly published journal that focuses on the economic issues that are concer

Calvin and Hobbes: An Existentialist View Essay -- Comics Calvin Hobbe

Calvin and Hobbes: An Existentialist View Faster and faster, the slick red wagon slaloms across the rocky terrain, carrying a blonde-headed boy and his stuffed tiger along each turn of the track. Calvin, an imaginative six year old who makes us laugh with his childish antics, and Hobbes, the philosophical stuffed tiger, both make a statement about the world they were created in. Calvin and Hobbes is essentially an existentialist comic strip. Through Calvin’s desperate and unique choices and circumstances, he untraditionally fights against a continually changing world. His actions portray the disorder in which we are all controlled in a meaningless existence against a ferocious society, a ruthless nature, and inevitable death. Calvin is a unique character who breaks the traditionally accepted roles children play. John Calvin, the namesake of Bill Waterson’s star, was a stern, protestant theologian. Torn between conflicting doctrines of the Catholic Church, John Calvin led a Protestant reformation, breaking away from the traditionally accepted beliefs to more unorthodox beliefs such as predestination and justification by faith alone. No character could better reflect these Protestant views than the six-year old Calvin. An entirely mischievous and self-indulgent boy, Calvin is also forced into making new and desperate choices. John Calvin was forced into making a desperate choice to rebel against the mother church, facing excommunication because he chose not to believe in the widely accepted beliefs of the time. Calvin also protests the situations he encounters. He polls his father, rating him on his character and past performances. Calvin realizes that it is not issues and ideologies that matter, but the type of people we a... ...tanding why. Yet, Calvin is able to allay those fears. He is a Peter Pan, a perpetual youth who we can look back on and admire throughout time, because he never has to face age. As he continues to rebel and persist against an existential world in his sarcastic and sardonic ways despite his circumstances and consequences, he sets an example of how to fight the irrational attacks on the individual. Works Cited May, Rollo. Existential Psychology. New York: Random House, 1961. Official Website for Calvin and Hobbes comics from 1985 to 1996 by Bill Watterson, the. October 15, 2000. Watterson, Bill. The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 1995. Wilson, James Q. â€Å"Calvin and Hobbes and the Moral Sense: A Farewell.† October 15, 200

Compare and Contrast the Colonization of Jamestown, Plymouth

HIST 1301: U. S. History to 1865 Fall 2012 Essay Assignment #1 Question: Compare and contrast the colonization of Jamestown, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay. Be sure to discuss the settlers involved, the purpose of the colonies, the success or failure of the colony, important developments associated with colonization, and the role of religion in the colony. HIST-1301-009 – U. S. HISTORY TO 1865 Essay Assignment #1 Jamestown, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay are all belong to English Colonization. There have some similarities and differences among these three places.Jamestown has no settler, but only 100 male adventures which was leaded by Captain John Smith looking for quick profit. Then, Thomas Gates sails 500 colonists and Lord Delaware arrives with 150 colonists in Jamestown. However, different with Jamestown, although Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were settled by different people; Plymouth was steeled by Separatists from the Church of England and Massachusetts Bay was stee led by Non-Separating Congregationalists, but those settlers are all Puritans. The settlers of Plymouth are 101 men, women and children.In Massachusetts Bay, over 1000 Puritans sail for America in 1631 after 1630. Jamestown is for those adventures looking for a quick profit. But in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, both of them settled up not for quick. Plymouth was settled to avoid persecution. Massachusetts Bay was settled to reform the Church of England, to some extent, the colonists build a new society in there. Unfortunately, not like the success in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, the colonization of Jamestown is failure. From 1607 to 1624, people in Jamestown died from 14,000 to 1,132.In Plymouth, after they settled the colony up, it still had many people died at the first winner. The colonists helped the Wampanoags, and colony became self-sufficient in the following year. Then, civil government also grew out of church government. As Plymouth’s success, Massachusetts Bay also success in colonization. The colonists formed the New England Company, and Charles I grant a charter to the company. Finally John Winthrop moved the company to America to ensure the Puritan control. Even though Jamestown is failure, there still have many developments in colony. Related article: Jamestown and Plymouth Compare and ContrastTobacco became goods in exportation, colony accepted the Head-Right Policy to gain more settlers, and colonists granted the right of Englishmen. In Plymouth, colonists signed for the Mayflower Compact and became civil government because they landed off course and outside governmental jurisdiction. Massachusetts Bay had General Court. It was form by Winthrop and a few people, after more and more people got in, it finally became a legislative body in 1634, and became bicameral in following year. From Jamestown, there is no any religion get involved.Just some adventures want to get money in the short time, so they established the colony. However, different from Jamestown, religion plays a crucial role in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. First of all, the settlers of Plymouth are Separatists from the Church of England, and the settlers of Massachusetts Bay are Non-Separating Congregationalists. Both of those settlers are Puritans . Furthermore, Plymouth’s settlers established colony for avoid persecution, and Massachusetts Bay’s settlers established colony for reform the Church of England. Religion relates to these two colonies at the beginning.

Cleanthes and Maximus essays

Cleanthes and Maximus essays The excerpt from David Humes, Dialogues on Natural Religion is structured as follows: Hume begins by stating an argument for the existence of God through the character of Cleanthes and then offers three criticisms of the argument through the character of Philo. The main argument that Cleanthes presents to Philo is as follows: (Premise) Nature is similarly structured therefore it works perfectly in tune like a machine or an invention. Working beyond human capabilities, therefore its creator must be one of high intelligence and infinite perfection. (Conclusion) Cleanthes concludes his argument with the claim that God exists. The first point that Philo makes of Cleanthes argument is that his premise is false. Philo says If we see a house or a ship or a machine, we conclude, with the greatest certainty that it had an architect or builder; because this precisely that species of effect, which we have experienced to proceed from that species of cause. Therefore the similarity is not entirely reliable. As it is stated in the following But wherever you depart, in the least, from the similarity of the cases, you diminish proportion ably the evidence; and may at last bring to it a very weak analogy, which is confessedly liable to error and uncertainty Now what Philo means by this is that every time something happens in nature we come to conclusions, without studying the similarities between cases, we eliminate evidence for these similarities to be a hundred percent reliable. For example, after having experienced the circulation of the blood in human creatures, we make no doubt that it takes place in Titius and Maevius: but from its circulation in frogs and fishes, it is only a presumption, though a strong one, from analogy, that it takes place in men and other animals. The analogical reasoning is much weaker, when we infer the circulation of the sap in vegetables from our experience ...

How Amino Acid Chirality Works

How Amino Acid Chirality Works Amino acids (except for  glycine) have a  chiral  carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl group (CO2-). This chiral center allows for stereoisomerism. The amino acids form two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other. The structures are not superimposable on each other, much like your left and right hands. These mirror images are termed  enantiomers. D/L and R/S Naming Conventions for Amino Acid Chirality There are two important nomenclature systems for enantiomers. The D/L system is based on optical activity and refers to the Latin words dexter for right and laevus for left, reflecting left- and right-handedness of the chemical structures. An amino acid with the dexter configuration  (dextrorotary) would be named with a () or D prefix, such as ()-serine or D-serine. An amino acid having the laevus configuration  (levorotary) would be prefaced with a (-) or L, such as (-)-serine or L-serine. Here are the steps to determine whether an amino acid is the D or L enantiomer: Draw the molecule as a Fischer projection with the carboxylic acid group on top and side chain on the bottom. (The amine group will not be at the top or bottom.)If the amine group is located on the right side of the carbon chain, the compound is D. If the amine group is on the left side, the molecule is L.If you wish to draw the enantiomer of a given amino acid, simply draw its mirror image. The R/S notation is similar, where R stands for Latin rectus (right, proper, or straight) and S stands for Latin sinister (left). R/S naming follows the  Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules: Locate the chiral or stereogenic center.Assign priority to each group based on the atomic number of the atom attached to the center, where 1 high and 4 low.Determine the direction of priority for the other three groups, in order of high to low priority (1 to 3).If the order is clockwise, then the center is R. If the order is counterclockwise, then the center is S. Although most of chemistry has switched over to the (S) and (R) designators for absolute stereochemistry of enantiomers, the amino acids are most commonly named using the (L) and (D) system. Isomerism of Natural Amino Acids All amino acids found in proteins occur in the L-configuration about the chiral carbon atom. The exception is glycine because it has two hydrogen atoms at the alpha carbon, which cannot be distinguished from each other except via radioisotope labeling. D-amino acids are not naturally found in proteins and are not involved in the metabolic pathways of eukaryotic organisms, although they are important in the structure and metabolism of bacteria. For example, D-glutamic acid  and D-alanine  are structural components of certain bacterial cell walls. Its believed D-serine may be able to act as a brain neurotransmitter. D-amino acids, where they exist in nature, are produced via post-translational modifications of the protein. Regarding the (S) and (R) nomenclature, nearly all amino acids in proteins are (S) at the alpha carbon. Cysteine is (R) and glycine is not chiral. The reason cysteine is different is that it has a sulfur atom at the second position of the side chain, which has a larger atomic number than that of the groups at the first carbon. Following the naming convention, this makes the molecule (R) rather than (S).

Strategies to Help You Become an Outstanding Student

Strategies to Help You Become an Outstanding Student More than anything, teachers want to see growth and improvement from all of their students. They want each to become a better student. They understand that their classroom is filled with extreme ranges of intelligence, from low to high. Their job is to differentiate instruction to provide each student with an education that meets their own individual needs. This is both difficult and challenging, but effective teachers are able to make it happen. Becoming an outstanding student does not happen overnight. It is also not the sole responsibility of the teacher. The teacher is only the facilitator of knowledge. The student must come prepared to take in that knowledge, make connections, and be able to apply it to real life situations. This is more natural for some students than it is for others, but everyone can improve and become a better student if they desire to do so. Here are fifteen effective strategies that will help you become an outstanding student. Ask Questions This could not get any simpler. If you do not understand something, ask the teacher for additional help. Teachers are there to help. You should never be afraid of asking a question. It is not embarrassing. It is how we learn. The chances are that there are several other students who have the same question you have. Be Positive Teachers love to work with students who are pleasant and positive. Having a positive attitude will have a positive impact on learning. We all have terrible days. We all have subjects that we just do not like. However, you still need to maintain a positive attitude. A poor attitude can quickly lead to failure. Complete Assignments/Homework Every assignment should be completed and turned in to the teacher. When assignments are not completed, there are two negative outcomes. First, you potentially miss out on learning a new concept, which leaves a gap in learning. Second, your grade will be lower than it should be. Homework may not be fun to do, but it is an essential part of the school and the learning process. Do More than Required The best students go above and beyond. They do more than the minimum. If the teacher assigns twenty problems, they do twenty-five. They seek out learning opportunities. They ask their teachers for additional work, read books/magazines, research ideas online, and are excited about learning. Establish a Routine A structured routine can help you maintain academic focus at home. This routine should include when homework is completed, what extras you are going to do each day, a location for doing it, and an awareness of others in the house so that distractions are minimized. A routine for getting up and going to school each morning can also be beneficial. Follow Directions Following directions and instructions is an essential aspect of being a good student. Not following directions can lead to mistakes that have a negative impact on your grade. Always listen thoroughly to the teacher when she is giving directions or offering instruction. Read written directions at least two times and ask for clarification if you do not understand something. Get a Tutor There is probably an area or multiple areas in which you struggle. Getting a tutor can provide you with a huge advantage. Tutoring is often done on a one-on-one basis which is always beneficial. If you do not know of a tutor, talk to your teacher. Often times, they will volunteer to tutor you or may be able to refer you to someone else who can. Listen in Class This is the single most crucial aspect of being a better student. Teachers actually do know what they are talking about. However, if you are not listening, you cannot learn. If you are easily distracted or struggle with listening, ask your teacher if you can bring a recorder to class. Maintain Focus There are potential distractions around you all the time. Good students stay focused. They do not allow other situations or people to keep them from learning. They put academics first. They have a life outside of school, but they value academics and make it a priority. Read! Read! Read! Good students are often booked worms. Reading is the foundation of learning. Excellent readers excel in both fluency and comprehension. They pick books that are both entertaining and challenging. They use programs such as Accelerated Reader to set goals and check for understanding. Set Goals Everyone should have a set of academic-related goals. This should include both short-term and long term goals. Goals assist in maintaining focus by giving you something to strive to achieve. Goals should be reevaluated and adjusted periodically. When you reach a goal, make a big deal about it. Celebrate your successes. Stay Away from Trouble Avoiding trouble can go far in being academically successful. Getting in trouble often means time spent in the principal’s office. Any time spent in the principal’s office is time lost in the classroom. Making smart choices, including whom you choose to be friends with, is essential to becoming a better student. Stay Organized Organization is a key factor in academic success. The lack of organization skills can lead to disaster. Keep your locker and backpack cleaned and well organized. Keeping an agenda or journal and recording each assignment is a fantastic way to stay on top of things. Study! Study! Study! Study early and study often! Studying is not something that many people enjoy, but it is a necessary skill to possess for academic success. Developing strong study habits is essential. Figure out a method that works well for you and stick with it in individual study time. Take Challenging Classes/Teachers It is okay to be challenged. Pick hard classes and/or teachers if you have a choice. You will be better off in the long run even if your grades are a little lower. It is better to receive a B and learn a lot than to receive an A and learn a little.

The Relationships Between Politicians and Media Essay

The Relationships Between Politicians and Media - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that empirical research has long confirmed that for most people the mass media are the major sources of information about world events and about political affairs. However, despite television's growing importance as a source of information, regular readers of newspapers continue to attach a great deal of weight to the print medium. Non-readers show a greater dependence on television for political information. Both tables conceal significant variations in responses between readers of 'quality' and 'tabloid' newspapers: the former remain wedded to their preferred medium, using it much more extensively as a means of surveying the world in depth, whilst readers of tabloid newspapers rely more heavily on television and also tend to attach greater credibility to it as a source of news. These tables confirm the centrality of the media for the public. They are the means by which the public acquires information about the world and, more importantly, through which the public derives its knowledge and perceptions of current political and social problems and of the means to their resolution. Traditionally, the study of politics and its relationship to the mass media has focused on institutions and bona fide political actors. Governments, politicians, departments or voting patterns have usually been the political scientists' fodder. When married to an interest in the mass media, the result has been an over-concentration on institutions, structures, and the political à ©lite. à ©lite. While this remains of importance, this sort of approach overlooks the part the mass media play in generating public perceptions of political and social change as well as of policies and decision-making processes. The political significance of the political goes far beyond such questions as 'who controls the media?' and 'how do people get elected?'; even concerns over 'bias' and 'objectivity' are too narrow to take in the full significance of the political Politics and the political infuse all aspects of our lives, our attitudes, and our behaviour. And because the mass media are at the heart of the processes of communication through which 'problems' and their 'resolution' are framed and discussed, they deserve extensive analysis. 5 THE NATURE OF 'MEDIATED' KNOWLEDGE This broad approach to the political significance of the mass media is reflected in many contemporary writings. These emphasize the media's role in providing information-both images and texts-which forms the basi s of public perceptions and responses to events. The media provide, in Blumler's words, 'the informational building blocks to structure views of the world†¦ Table 1.3 Regular readers of: Telegraph, Times, Guardian or FT Express or Mail Mirror, Sun, or Star Main source of news % % % television 32 62 65 newspapers 57 28 24 radio 25 14 14 Table 1.4 Regular readers of: Telegraph, Times, Guardian or FT Express or Mail Mirror, Sun or Star Most believable source of news % % % television 30 59 66 newspapers 35 13 11 radio 20 16 13 from which may stem a range of actions'. 6 Although these 'informational building blocks' combine with a multiplicity of political and social factors to direct an individual's action, they determine the limits of our knowledge and of our perceptions of events and

Conducting Conversations in English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conducting Conversations in English - Essay Example These expressions may also include tone variation. Hence people do not just speak in English; rather, they may use these facial antics. Daniel Allington points out that there is an emphasis in use of institutional, social, physical, interpersonal and cultural context when people are talking. Through this, there is an effect on how one interprets the meaning of the interaction. Interactive talks reveal how language in use every day reflects as well as influencing identities and relationships of the user. These factors lead to many actions that involve the use of English language all over the world. For people to control and organise their language flow, there is the use of poetic and rhetorical features when speak. This ensures that there is the infusion of human communication. In speech and writing, there are sounds and marks that make the words recognisable. Speech experiencing in regard to old people includes face to face expressions as well as screens, telephone, books and screens . In regard to the preservation of one’s own self during a conversation there is consideration of the facial expressions in use including gestures. This may also include tone variation, which is, a vital aspect in ensuring that a person’s tone maintains it originality. ... P.23-27). In the context of language use, the term appropriateness indicates the necessity of the language when conversing. For one to ensure that there is the appropriateness in the language, one should consider the people who they are conversing with, the situation that leads to the conversation as well as the media of conversation. Appropriateness is different from correctness because the former indicates how able is it to use a certain language, while the later indicates whether the language in use is acceptable. In the use of English, there is creativity each day. There is creativity and play in the use of English while speaking and writing. Through the use of these phenomena’s, there is persuasion to an audience in making a point and in the conceding of a point. In human communication, there is the infusion of rhetorical and poetic characteristics. This is in reference to the conversation between Yael, Etham and Nahla where they use persuasion. This is when Yael asks Eth an, â€Å"What are doing.† This ensures there is creativity in conversing in English (Matthews, 2010, p. 34-36). In making an English conversation, there is consideration of digital English and material English, as the technology advances, the wording changes. In making a conversation, there should be an opening and a closing statement to ensure that the conversation has no fragments. Through it, there is a distinction between the linguistics utterances and the action of uttering it. The utterances help perform many social functions. Most opening and closing utterances are effective in a telephone conversation where the subjects use English language to converse. For an

Corporate Frauds and Absence of Ethical Demeanor Essay

Corporate Frauds and Absence of Ethical Demeanor - Essay Example As per Trevino and Weaver (2003), ethical culture is one which rouses ethical demeanor. Ethical leadership involves proper demeanor through interpersonal relationships and personal actions and the advocating such demeanors to subordinates, mainly through two-way communication, decision-making and reinforcement As per Martin and Cullen (2006), ethical climate in an organization refers to normative systems of organizational work climate mirroring the organization’s policies, procedures, and practices with moral outcomes. As per Victor and Cullen (1988), ethical work climate refers to the organizational procedures and practices that direct the decision-making of organization and the systematic outcomes to ethical dilemmas. The ethical climate is one of the main ingredients of the culture of an organization. Ethical climate plays a dominant role when fraud is observed in an organization. As per Shin (2012), CEOs’ ethical demeanor is directly associated with employeesâ€℠¢ overall view of the ethical atmosphere of the organization (Soltani, 2014, p.254). Enron on October 16, 2001, published figures that exposed conspicuous accounting malpractices. One of the questionable accounting practices followed by the Enron was that is improper accounting of a note receivable from Enron’s equity partners in different limited partnerships. WorldCom also indulged in one of the largest corporate accounting scandals in the US which were projected at $14 billion as of March 2004. SEC alleged that WorldCom purportedly exaggerated its† revenue before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA)† in 2001 and in 2002 (SEC Annual Report 2002). HealthSouth Corporation of USA ordered the accounting personnel’ of the company to inflate the revenue to match the Wall Street analyst’ projections (Soltani, 2014, p.262).

Habeas corpus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Habeas corpus - Essay Example y the various causes of imprisonment of the prisoners and then take decisions about the further progress relating to their imprisonment (Federal Judicial Center, 2013). Habeas Corpus is a petition, which has been originated from the English common law during the period of fifteenth century. In the year 1679, the writ became the part of the England Statutory law. This plan has been initiated by the American colonial court as a part of common law with the inclusion of certain rights. In the year 1789, it can be apparently observed that the ‘writ of Habeas Corpus’ was mainly issued by the federal court with the influence of Congress for the prisoners who were in federal custody. However in the year 1807, Supreme Court countered federal court and declared that the federal court will not be the issuer of the ‘Writ of Habeas Corpus’ due to having lack of authority (Epstein et al., 2014; Paschal, 1970). The historical evolution of habeas corpus with the inclusion of English and American traditions can be mainly determined with varied rights that it entails for protecting civil liberties. It will be vital to mention in this simila r concern that the major rights of this writ can be ascertained as assessing the rights to be granted to the individuals belonging to America and most vitally determining whether individuals are imprisoned legitimately or must be released immediately from custody among others (Garrett, 2012). It will be vital to mention that the ‘Federal Habeas Corpus’ is available for all the prisoners of the US. In relation to the above context, it can be affirmed that the writ also works as a protector of human rights. It is applicable for all people regardless of gender, race and social status and especially for all the people who are imprisoned in federal nation. As apparently noted, the deferral of habeas corpus becomes necessary at the time of occurring any sort of rebellion and invasion that lay the chances of hampering individual interests

Avivas Leadership Power and Motivation Lab Report

Avivas Leadership Power and Motivation - Lab Report Example Aviva is the largest general insurer in the UK and has close to 31.5 million customers spread across the 16 countries. According to the company website, the company attained 2.2 billion UK pounds in profits after tax in 2013 compared to 2.9 billion pounds reported in 2012 (Aviva 2014). The cash remittances grew by 40 percent to reach 1.3 billion UK pounds while the new business increased by 13 percent to 835 million during the year 2013. In the current 2014 financial year, Aviva is focused on improving the cash remittances while improving the life insurance business segment through differentiated pricing and building strategic partnerships in emerging markets (Aviva 2014). Aviva’s strategic framework is focused on investment, customer, distribution, and people Aviva has attained excellent performance in five metrics that include cash flow management, operating profits, a value of new business, expenses and combined operating ratio due to excellent leadership and people management. Aviva has a diverse product portfolio and highly talented employees that cater to the changing financial planning and insurance needs of both rural and urban customers (Aviva 2014). Leadership is a critical aspect of Aviva’s success since the management is committed to the organizational goals and has outlined a clear vision that is focused on increasing returns to the fund investors and satisfying the insurance customers. Another key aspect that has fostered Aviva’s growth and profitability is motivation since the employees are committed to higher performance in their jobs. The report will discuss the success of Aviva using organizational theories and c oncepts of leadership and power. The second element of organizational design and management of people that will be the motivational strategies that have been used by the company to ensure high employee performance.

MRSA Infection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MRSA Infection - Research Paper Example Antibiotics used to treat ordinary S. aureus infections are rendered useless in case of MRSA. Infection occurring in healthcare settings is called health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) while that occurring in the community, among healthy individuals, is called community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) (mayoclinic.org 1). HA-MRSA infections are generally acquired through invasive procedures or clinical devices such as artificial joints, surgeries, intravenous tubings, and catheters while CA-MRSA generally spreads through skin contact among child care workers, high school wrestlers and people living in crowded areas (mayoclinic.org 1). MRSA infection occurs in various parts of the body and owing to its antibiotic resistance, it is difficult to treat. Mild infections result in boils and sores on the skin. MRSA can also infect lungs, urinary tract, and bloodstream (webmd.com 1). There has been an alarming spread in the incidence of tough MRSA strains and because of its antibiotic resistance, MRSA is also called superbug (webmd.com 1). As per CDC, less than 2% of the US population carries MRSA (mayoclinic.org 3). MRSA was discovered in 1961 and research has shown that, like ordinary strains of S. aureus, it is also carried by many healthy people on their bodies, especially their noses (Matheson et al. 299). MRSA infection is common among those with a weaker immune system and while it is commonly a hospital-acquired the infection, its incidence in people who have not been hospitalized has become recently significant (webmd.com 1).

Habeas corpus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Habeas corpus - Essay Example y the various causes of imprisonment of the prisoners and then take decisions about the further progress relating to their imprisonment (Federal Judicial Center, 2013). Habeas Corpus is a petition, which has been originated from the English common law during the period of fifteenth century. In the year 1679, the writ became the part of the England Statutory law. This plan has been initiated by the American colonial court as a part of common law with the inclusion of certain rights. In the year 1789, it can be apparently observed that the ‘writ of Habeas Corpus’ was mainly issued by the federal court with the influence of Congress for the prisoners who were in federal custody. However in the year 1807, Supreme Court countered federal court and declared that the federal court will not be the issuer of the ‘Writ of Habeas Corpus’ due to having lack of authority (Epstein et al., 2014; Paschal, 1970). The historical evolution of habeas corpus with the inclusion of English and American traditions can be mainly determined with varied rights that it entails for protecting civil liberties. It will be vital to mention in this simila r concern that the major rights of this writ can be ascertained as assessing the rights to be granted to the individuals belonging to America and most vitally determining whether individuals are imprisoned legitimately or must be released immediately from custody among others (Garrett, 2012). It will be vital to mention that the ‘Federal Habeas Corpus’ is available for all the prisoners of the US. In relation to the above context, it can be affirmed that the writ also works as a protector of human rights. It is applicable for all people regardless of gender, race and social status and especially for all the people who are imprisoned in federal nation. As apparently noted, the deferral of habeas corpus becomes necessary at the time of occurring any sort of rebellion and invasion that lay the chances of hampering individual interests

MRSA Infection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MRSA Infection - Research Paper Example Antibiotics used to treat ordinary S. aureus infections are rendered useless in case of MRSA. Infection occurring in healthcare settings is called health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) while that occurring in the community, among healthy individuals, is called community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) (mayoclinic.org 1). HA-MRSA infections are generally acquired through invasive procedures or clinical devices such as artificial joints, surgeries, intravenous tubings, and catheters while CA-MRSA generally spreads through skin contact among child care workers, high school wrestlers and people living in crowded areas (mayoclinic.org 1). MRSA infection occurs in various parts of the body and owing to its antibiotic resistance, it is difficult to treat. Mild infections result in boils and sores on the skin. MRSA can also infect lungs, urinary tract, and bloodstream (webmd.com 1). There has been an alarming spread in the incidence of tough MRSA strains and because of its antibiotic resistance, MRSA is also called superbug (webmd.com 1). As per CDC, less than 2% of the US population carries MRSA (mayoclinic.org 3). MRSA was discovered in 1961 and research has shown that, like ordinary strains of S. aureus, it is also carried by many healthy people on their bodies, especially their noses (Matheson et al. 299). MRSA infection is common among those with a weaker immune system and while it is commonly a hospital-acquired the infection, its incidence in people who have not been hospitalized has become recently significant (webmd.com 1).

Atmosphere and Fossil Fuel Inputs Essay Example for Free

Atmosphere and Fossil Fuel Inputs Essay 1. Weather and Climate. Discuss the concept of energy/mass conservation as it pertains to the climate system. Be sure to address each component of the climate system in your example and feel free to use multiple examples if necessary to address each component. 2. Facts and Fiction. Explain the figure below. Be sure to address the three key components discussed in class as well as the overall (net) anthropogenic impacts on global warming. 3. Atmospheric Composition Structure. Draw a diagram labeling the five atmospheric layers discussed in class as well as the ozone layer. On your diagram, list the significance of each layer. 4. Atmospheric Circulation. Calculate the residence time of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere given the figure of the carbon cycle below. You can assume that the ocean, soil, vegetation and fossil fuel inputs together make the rate. 5. Ozone. Compare and contrast the two types of ozone depletion. Be sure to discuss the cause(s) of each, the impacts of each and the location of each at a minimum.

Positive And Negative Outcomes Of Globalisation

Positive And Negative Outcomes Of Globalisation Globalisation is the process by which the world is connected as one through trade and set-up communication. This connection is occurring at a fast rate. According to Ervin and Smith (2008, p.2), Globalisation describes the ongoing global trend towards the freer flow of trade and investment across borders and the resulting integration of the international economy. The need to trade and conduct business with other countries Is what has led to Globalisation. Regional societies and cultures are trading with each other leading to mutual co existence. HISTORY Globalisation has existed for a long time. This came about due to agriculture and industrial revolution in the ancient times. Manufacturers and producers had to trade with what they had. The construction of roads, invention of wheel carts, and the coming up of big cities such as Rome and Olympia contributed to trade between the regions. In modern times the invention of aero planes, trains, mobile phones, internet and good network system has largely brought about the expansion of globalisation. This happened after World War 2 owing to the fact that peace had to be conventional. This could only be attained through trade and communication. The term globalisation is used in the media and by the world leaders every now and then. Prime Minister Gordon Brown has said that it is a fact and here to stay (Gordon Browns speech to the CBI, Nov 2006). This statement means that globalisation has taken charge, and will continue to increase as the world becomes a global village. The growth of globalisation has occurred owing to number of reasons. Tisdell San (2004, p.84), say that, Globalisation has proceeded rapidly since 1960, mainly due to reduced man-made barriers to trade, such as reduced tariffs. Generally the reduced cost of requirements for trade in the post war era has led to expansion of globalisation. The existence of technology such as computers and universal satellites has created a single market. A great deal of advertising that countries are doing for themselves is leading to verse responsiveness from other states. This is because countries are producing individual goods. People are traveling for themselves to purchase what they wish for because it is cheap and available. Globalisation has caused competition among high-quality goods. Lewis Richardson (2001, p. 39), state that, Global integration allows better performing firms, workers, and communities to grow faster than other firms, workers, and communities and so to increase their share of their industry, their lab our market, and/ or their region. Further from that, trade that comes as a result of this enhances the shared relationship amid the countries. ITS EFFCTS As globalisation continues to grow and improve it brings some effect. This is because both the developed countries and developing countries are involved and the level of production is not the same. Some deal with raw material and others deal with manufactured goods. The global recession is also making some countries to suffer the challenge. According to Hedegaard Lindstorm (2000, p. 50-51), there should be balance between the import and export conduced between developed and developing countries. There should be international equalization of factor prices. Globalisation should lead to capital exports from industrial to developing countries; exports of agricultural products and labour intensive manufacturers from developing to (initially) developing countries. This should reduce the disparity between them. The level of output has increased worldwide. This is because various countries are producing in anticipation of selling to other countries. This increases the yield and production of further goods. This is advantageous because countries will never go in need. It will ensure incessant supply of goods and services. It has also led to development of ICT in most countries especially developing ones. This is because there is need for unremitting communication among the countries for trade purposes. Information is also necessary if business is going to be conducted. It brings technical advancement especially to the developing countries. This is because they have to attain the standards of the core countries. It has been said that ICT is globalizing at a swift rate. It has led to integration between diverse cultures and societies. This is because they indulge in trade. As a result of these there is exchange of culture and behavior. The world becomes a village as a result. Integration also brings about good co existence between the different countries and diplomatic relations. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OUTCOMES Globalisation has positive and negative effects. The constructive effect of globalisation is that it has created opportunities for countries to market what they have. This is because they have potential consumers for their goods. It has created a market place for goods, therefore this is positive as countries earn there revenues. Globalisation has also promoted the design of new technologies. This is because of the competition that exists between countries conducting the trade. Every country is trying to provide the latest technology. This is good for human race because their life is enhanced. Globalisation also brings about growth and improvement of developing countries as they get new technology. It enables them to improve the way of life of their people and this is also good as it enlightens people. It also brings about good diplomatic relations amid countries. This because of the relationship that exists such as economic ties. It creates peaceful coexistence and ensures that it i s maintained. According to Molle (2003, p.37), It brings economic benefits, highlighting the growth of some countries that have opened their markets to international trade and investment. They point next towards the benefits in terms of peace and security. These are some of the positive outcomes of globalisation. Globalisation has negative outcomes. One is the price set up for the commodities in trade. These prices set at times cannot be attained by the developing countries due to economic hardships such as global recession. It makes the condition to be unjust leading to exploitation of the peripheral countries. There is also repatriation of profits back to the mother countries if the business was conducted in other countries. This is because individuals and companies who invest in other countries always take the profits back to their home countries e.g. Multinational companies. It also leads to cases of monopolization by the world economies. This is because they are the forces that set up the market price for goods. They control the market. This leads to anguish of developing countries as poverty progresses. According to Hewa and Stapleton (2005, p. 155), The negative effects of globalisation can be varied and range from the impoverishment and depopulation of local communities as corporations or factories relocate to optimize competitiveness and unemployment rises. These are some of the negative reasons for globalisation. CONCLUSION Globalisation is consequently here to stay. It will continue to grow as the world advances into the future. It has integrated a lot of countries and enhanced peaceful co existence among them.

Was Colonialism Good for Uganda? :: African Africa History

Was Colonialism Good for Uganda? Introduction The past is another country, where it is only possible to go as a tourist, and which we will never fully understand. We can describe what we see, but it is far more difficult to know why people acted in the way they did, or what they believed, and why they believed it. Uganda too is another country, which did not even exist before the white man went there. Even the name reflects the ideas of the first explorers, whose gateway into the new territory was via the Buganda tribe, whom they were later to use as their colonial agents as British rule was extended. Those who 'discovered' Ugandan and the source of the Nile which the first explorers were seeking - men such as Speke and Stanley - and the soldiers and administrators who came after them undoubtedly believed in the superiority of European culture in a way which we today would consider unacceptably racist. Although they were impressed by the sophistication of Bugandan society, they implicitly assumed that Africa was more backward than Europe, that Africans would benefit from exposure to Western standards and practises, and of course from Christianity. To a degree this allowed them either to justify or even to suppress what now looks to be the crude reality that their underlying agenda was the extension of British influence, the promotion of British commerce, and the expansion of the British Empire, all without reference to the actual wishes of the Ugandan people. But then, even in Britain at thattime, democracy was a new idea and many people, including women, still did not have the vo te. Having said that, many Ugandans would today accept that their country had at some stage to be brought into contact with the modern world, and even that they were comparatively lucky in being colonised by the British rather than by, for instance, the Belgians whose brutal rule in the Congo was far crueller than that of the British Protectorate in Uganda. Moreover, the fact that the arrival of the British in Uganda was not accompanied by the theft of African land for white farmers - as it was in Zimbabwe or Kenya - meant that some of the bitterness and resentment felt about European rule in some African countries was not a feature in Uganda. So race relations, even today, are more relaxed in Uganda than in many parts of the Continent.

A womans work is never done :: essays research papers

A woman's work is never done More and more women work outside and inside the home. The double demands shouldered by these women pose a threat to their physical health. Whether you are an overworked housewife or an exhausted working mother the chances are that you are always one step behind your schedule. No matter how hard women worked, they never ended up with clean homes. Housewives in these miserable circumstances often became hysterical cleaners. They wore their lives away in an endless round of scouring, scrubbing, and polishing. The increased strain in working women comes from the reality that they carry most of the child-rearing and household responsibilities. According to social trends (1996), women always or usually do the washing in 79 percent of cases and decide the menu 59 percent of the time. Picking up the children at school or doing grocery shopping are just a few of the many typical household-tasks a woman takes on every day. Why are most of these responsibilities borne by women? The historical role of women is part of the answer. Despite the fact that we know instinctively that caregiving is valuable and important work, it has gone largely unrecognized and unacknowledged because we take it for granted. In the past, many parents felt that school education for girls was a waste of time, "A woman's place is in the home" was the traditional view. In those days, housewives had a tough life and were completely dependent on the men for money. There was a lot of drudgery in their lives and the men didn't help with the household chores, it was "women's work". The housewife worked from dawn to dusk and there was a lot of truth in the old saying; "a woman's work is never done". However, women have made optimistical progress towards equality and their role in the society has been changed dramatically since the last century. Many women stepped out of their home and start to work at factories and offices. The number of working women with children has more than doubled in the past 50 years. While working conditions for women may have improved, there is a lack of appreciation for the notion that work for most women doesn't end at the door of a factory or office. Despite an increase of women's participation in the labour force, women's share of housework has hardly changed in 50 years.

Has technology made children less creative? Essay

Society has been changing considerably since the advent of advanced development of technology that never grows as strong as it does nowadays. Thanks to a huge amount of knowledge, people invent lots of modern technology that come in handy in life. However, technology makes life faster and easier rather better, which is the most indispensable factor in development. Consequently, technology makes children less creative than they used to be in the past. Technology has brought several benefits for human beings in general and children in particular. For instance, the invention of computer and internet has breathed a new life into people’s lives and prospects. Computer helps to progress data much faster and more effectively. Since then, children can learn more interesting things they are not taught at school through some online courses such as academicaerth.org or ted.com. Generally speaking, internet has offered a good opportunity for everyone to study and be well-informed. However, what wonders me is how the seemingly perfect technology industry has a by-product. Since technology is the good result of other’s discoveries, only using their results without racking one’s brains derives one from creativity. Moreover, the children age is the ultimately vital growing phase for a person, for it is the time when one’s brain perceives new concepts from the world outside and create one’s bonding to life. It is the time when one’s creativity should be well-nurtured and enhanced This can be proven by a typical example of a survey conducted by a group of students from Stanford university in 2008. They did asked for nearly one thousand children whose age varies from eight to eighteen questions about their frequency of applying technology to daily life. Then, they tested them a quiz test about creation. According to the survey, the result indicates that those who use the technology usually are not able to answer the question ‘twenty functions of a pencil’ ; whereas others quickly respond to it with several answers such as tying one’s hair, killing, scratching when one is itchy. In addition, the availability of technology makes one too dependent on it. It is explained that the availability makes one become lazy and not actively think, provoke, learn so that they cannot explore themselves.

Earthquake Shaker

Would earthquakes of similar magnitudes in different populated regions of the Earth cause approximately the same levels of damage? In your discussions, consider both geologic and human-induced factors. The amount of damage caused by an Earthquake does not solely depend on the magnitude of the Earthquake. Factors such as population, geographic location, soil type, and the type of building material commonly used for construction in a region determine the extent of damage caused. If an Earthquake strikes a densely populated region, then life loss and property damage will be high.If an Earthquake of a similar or even higher magnitude strikes a region with a relatively low population, then life loss and property damage will be lower. The 6. 4 Richter scale Earthquake (1993) in the State of Maharashtra, India and the 8. 3 Richter scale Earthquake (2006) in Kuril Islands, Japan are examples that come to mind. With stone houses and a population of over 2 million, the Earthquake in Latur left nearly 8,000 people dead and brought as many as 30,000 houses to the ground.In contrast, Kuril Islands, with a population of just 17,000 and better disaster preparedness mechanisms, was able to get away with no loss of human life ,despite the fact that the Earthquake was much higher in magnitude when compared to that of Latur. References: http://latur. nic. in/html/earthquake. htm http://www. drgeorgepc. com/Tsunami2006Kurils. html 2) How are faults, foci (plural of focus), and epicenters related? Faults that are experiencing no active creep (relatively consistent yet minor movements) may be considered â€Å"safe. Rebut or defend this statement with what you have learned so far about faults. The points in the lithosphere of Earth where fracturing originates are called foci. In other words, foci are the points at which energy-release takes place. Foci are also termed as hypocenters. Large fractures inside the Earth’s crust are called faults. Typically, news reports talk abou t epicenters when they are reporting an Earthquake. As large fractures inside Earth’s crust begin to shift, there is a release of energy inside Earth, right at the displacement (focus) point.An epicenter is nothing but the point on the surface of Earth that lies directly over the focus. It is not true that faults experiencing no active creep are safe. Fault creep refers to slow rock movement arising out of the application of constant stress over a prolonged period of time. A fault creep is a slippage that occurs alongside a fault. A fault creep may produce a small earthquake that can be detected through a seismometer. An active creep zone is one in which the most significant of displacements are likely to take place.Current absence of active creeps neither means that there is no fault creep at all, nor that there will not be any movement in future. A currently inactive fault could become active in future and cause an earthquake, so safe is not a term that one can always assoc iate with the absence of an active creep. 3) At one time it was thought that the deep-ocean trenches at subduction zones would be a good place for disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Why is this not a good idea?Explain what can happen at a subduction zone and what might occur if the waste were buried there. (Hint: see oceanic-continental convergence. ) Over the years, different options have been considered as suitable permanent repositories for disposing high-level radioactive waste. The intent has been to find a way of permanently isolating high-level nuclear waste from the environment used by humans. It is true that at one point in time, subduction zone trenches in deep oceans were a good option for disposing high-level radioactive waste.It was thought that sticky mud and clay at trenches in deep-open subduction zones could be ideal places to bury high-level radioactive waste. It was assumed that radioactive waste canisters deposited in such places would slowly leak, only to be bound by sticky mud and clay for several millions of years. It was expected that burying high-level radioactive waste inside a subduction zone of a deep-ocean would gradually carry waste into the mantle of Earth.Today however, this approach is not a matter of serious consideration because of the technical considerations that are in play, legal restrictions associated with Law of the Sea, and the fect that leakages could lead to widespread contamination. The fact that oceanic-continental convergence helps create geologic formations and sustain many active volcanoes of Earth mean that contamination can be a serious threat when considering the burial of high-level radioactive waste in subduction zone trenches of deep oceans.

An Analysis of the Evolution of the E-Business in America Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Evolution of the E-Business in America Essay Economic transactions have taken a toll of revolutions and evolutions from the most historic barter deals to currency minting to bank-to-bank transactions, and finally, electronic business. Undeniably, the phenomenal effect of information technology to the lives of common man has caught the complexities of all branches of science and economics in a single matrix. Similarly, it has extinguished spatial boundaries in the business arena. Upon the advent of the accessibility of the internet or the World Wide Web to the public in 2004, it has been deemed that e-commerce will shortly follow through. So thus soothsayers and journalists manifest into the world this forecast. Company websites and internet servers sprouted like wild mushrooms here and there, flooding the virtual world with what’s it’s’ people cannot usually find for themselves. A unique gadget which can be found nowhere at a shopping mall is now easy to find at Ebay or Amazon. om, or shopping for clothes can also be done via ordering online, and sending emails or conversing with another entity half an earth away through instant messengers now became a common activity to the technologically savvy. A worldwide acknowledgment of this phenomenon has now slowly shifted every human paradigm there is. This evolutionary way of business ‘anytime-anywhere scheme’ or transacting across the planet in only a matter of seconds has put leverage to the face of business vis-a-vis human technology. E-business or e-commerce, also known as EC, has now penetrated all elements of life, particularly the world of commerce and economics. Today, e-business is now the most preferred way of dealing with and between firms. In the fields of traveling, media, logistics, telecommunication, and manufacturing, as identified by Horsti, Tolonen and Brannback (2003) in their study of five electronic business models, it showed that operating a business backed by ecommerce and proper management of personnel skills and customer relationships is a critical success factor (CSF) and always has a direct correlation to business success. This gives light to the logic as to why bankers and corporations alike have resorted to sending orders and invoices via internet instead of sending messengers or bulky packages to each other and wait for days before the same arrives at each other’s doorstep. On an individual basis, transacting with another online instead of going to a bank and undergoing the tedious process of lining-up and filling out slips and various withdrawal or deposit forms has been the hip. Online credit card transactions has also been the trend nowadays especially to the technologically savvy. As Moslein (2001) would argue, the rise of ecommerce has extinguished traditional boundaries and spatial constraints of conducting business. So what really is it behind e-business and what makes everyone indubitably caught up with this intertwining net of transactions? In this paper, the aforementioned is put to a limelight along with a detailed analysis of the e-business phenomenon. A projection as to how e-business in America will perform in the short-run is also forecasted. Pros and cons of doing e-business as well as important dissections of it are also included herein. The first part of this paper shall serve as a guideline as to how discussion will flow and what models and methods were used in shedding light to the subject matter at hand. It also serves as briefer to the latter portions which delve deeper to the subject matter. The latter portions shall plainly consist of the author’s own views with regard to the topic, however, with sources to buttress proof of claims. The summary and conclusions are second to the last parts before providing a list of references used in this research. Statement of the Issues/Problems The dawning of the internet and the birth of ecommerce in which e-business arose forthwith has also given birth to online corporations and rebirth to traditional enterprises. However, the new age technology has also given birth to various risks and opportunities for misers to tamper with the gifts of technology to the disadvantage of those who are faithful in their dealings. In this regard, the primary thrust of this paper is to analyze the gradual paradigm shift of business in America to the modern e-business taking into consideration the management decisions of enterprises vis-a-vis the costs and risks in engaging into e-business. Further, this paper rests with the issue on how ecommerce evolved to what it is today. Given these matters, the ultimate question this paper aims to answer is: Why do businesses continue to prefer to do e-business despite online security threats and risks? Hypothesis E-business is a response of various industries to the market forces affecting it, and amidst costs and risks, the benefits of e-business to enterprises prove to shape corporate success, help industries maximize benefits and positively affect the entire business industry as a whole. Methodology This paper is a result of a collaboration, compilation, corroboration and interpretation from various sources of information gathered mostly through the internet. Various theories in economics and business management are also used to prove certain stands pertinent to the subject matter. The author has also included newspaper articles and opinions from renowned columnists all of which can also be accessed through the internet. The said sources were streamlined for this purpose of incorporating into this subject matter all indispensable elements of e-business. It is important to highlight that this paper is not to measure e-business per se because of the very volatility and fast speed of growth and advancement of the e-business itself. As stated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), measuring e-business and quantifying the elements of convenience and easy access to information is impossible given the current fast-changing nature of the market (OECD, 1998). Hence, this paper has enumerated the costs and benefits instead and weighed both in the light of the evolution of e-business to the stage. Degree of Reliance of Statistical Data/Literature Search The author has chosen only those sources which are strongly correlated and are very pertinent to e-business. For statistical data, there is an interim degree of reliance from high to medium degree, since statistics were conducted by professional research institutions and quoted from high grade literature. With regard to articles and sources, most of the studies consulted where products of doctorate and master’s degree holders who are expert in this field notwithstanding those who gave garnered distinctions (i. e. Nobel Prize, Pulitzer, etc. in the field of economics. Therefore, there is a high level of reliance on their studies. A Description of the Research Design This paper is purely research based and one which does not involve interpretation of raw statistical data. Due to the broad and constantly changing nature of e-business, a survey of the entire America is implausible. Thus, it is best to resort to data that have been gathered by reliable research institutions concentrating on the same subject matter. The literatures used herein are mostly second-hand ones and are retroactive in its nature such that theories used are identified as paradigms. Despite being cited and further cited in various citations, the theory is not eroded. Thus, citations of the same coming from other citations, or a chain of citations in one citation, are valid. It is also important to note that despite the varying nature of the sources used in this paper, the discussion shall not be deprived of important knowledge as regards the subject matter. Models Followed The paper follows three specific models in economics: the law on supply and demand, the model on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and the game theory. This is because these three easy-to-understand theories are also the primary considerations of CEOs in choosing management decisions and doing other management strategies. In accordance with the objectives of this paper, various researches shall also be inculcated herein to give various theories and conceptions an equal footing as regards the topic. As a clarification, there are no current researchers who have analyzed the nature of e-business extensively and collaboratively using the aforementioned theories. Therefore, literature reviews are primarily based on historical findings on the evolution of e-business, analyses of various researchers on the nature of economics vis-a-vis ecommerce and not on concurrent ecommerce theories. This is also because majority of ecommerce theories are offspring of the theories on economics. Moreover, ecommerce theories may be relevant to the subject matter but are not directly connected to the topic such that answers to the research questions as aforementioned were more founded by basic economic theories rather than the specialized ecommerce theories on web-hosting and online selling. An Analysis of the Evolution of the E-Business in America. (2017, Jan 27). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you